scholarly journals Leaf Morphoanatomy and Biochemical Variation on Coffee Cultivars Under Drift Simulation of Glyphosate

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A.C. REIS ◽  
F.P. CARVALHO ◽  
A.C. FRANÇA ◽  
D.M.T. FRANCINO ◽  
N.A.V.D. PINTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenols ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Biochemical Variation ◽  
Glyphosate Drift ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT: The most widely used herbicide in coffee crop is glyphosate, it inhibits the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, responsible for structures and substances of plant defense. This work aimed to evaluate the morphoanatomy, total phenols, flavonoids and caffeine in leaves of Arabica coffee submitted to different sub-doses of glyphosate. The treatments were combinations of three coffee cultivars (MGS Travessia, Oeiras MG 6851 and Catuaí IAC 144) and five sub-doses of glyphosate (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4 and 460.8 g a.e. ha-1). The total thickness of the leaf blade, thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma, in addition to the total phenol, total flavonoids and caffeine were evaluated 30 days after spraying. Catuaí showed a reduction in the total leaf thickness, while the others cultivars had an increase. The thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma was reduced, and the spongy parenchyma increased with increasing doses of glyphosate, regardless of the cultivars. There was an increase on the total phenols up to 115.2 g ha-1 glyphosate, and above this dose, the concentrations of phenols were reduced. The Travessia and Oeiras cultivars obtained a reduction of flavonoids up to 115.2 g ha-1; and above this dose, the concentration of flavonoids increased. The Catuaí cultivar showed an opposing behavior of the concentration of flavonoids. Oeiras and Catuaí showed a decrease of caffeine up to 115.2 g ha-1 and an increase at higher doses. Travessia showed an increase of caffeine in sub-doses above 115.2 g ha-1. The three cultivars showed a higher concentration of phenols in the palisade parenchyma after the application of glyphosate drift. Glyphosate reduces the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma, and increases the thickness of spongy parenchyma. Doses of glyphosate above 230.4 g ha-1 result in the reduction of total phenols. The concentration of flavonoids and caffeine has varying effects with glyphosate application.

scholarly journals Leaf anatomy and morphometry in three eucalypt clones treated with glyphosate

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
LD. Tuffi Santos ◽  
BF. Sant'Anna-Santos ◽  
RMSA. Meira ◽  
FA. Ferreira ◽  
RAS. Tiburcio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Glyphosate Drift

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of simulated drift of glyphosate on the morphoanatomy of three eucalypt clones and to correlate the intoxication symptoms on a microscopic scale with those observed in this visual analysis. The effects of glyphosate drift were proportional to the five doses tested, with Eucalyptus urophylla being more tolerant to the herbicide than E. grandis and urograndis hybrid. The symptoms of intoxication which were similar for the different clones at 7 and 15 days after application were characterized by leaf wilting, chlorosis and curling and, at the highest rates, by necrosis, leaf senescence and death. Anatomically glyphosate doses higher than 86.4 g.ha-1 caused cellular plasmolysis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia, formation of the cicatrization tissue and dead cells on the adaxial epidermis. The spongy parenchyma had a decrease, and the palisade parenchyma and leaf blade thickness had an increase. The increased thickness in leaf blade and palisade parenchyma may be related to the plant response to glyphosate action, as a form of recovering the photosynthetically active area reduced by necroses and leaf senescence caused by the herbicide.

scholarly journals Comparative anatomical study of leaf tissues of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Varga ◽  
L. Udvardy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Cell Thickness

According to previous studies some anatomical features seem to be connected with resistance or susceptibility to scab caused by Venturia ineaqulis (Cke./Wint.) in case of a given cultivar. Study of leaf anatomy of three scab resistant (‘Prima’, ‘Florina’, MR–12) and two susceptible (‘Watson Jonathan’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’) apple cultivars have been made. Preserved preparations made of leaves has been studied by light microscope. Studied parameters were: thickness of leaf blade, thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma, thickness of epidermal cells, thickness of the cuticle. By measuring leaf thickness and epidermal cell thickness visible differences appeared in certain cultivars, while most conspicuous difference has been shown in thickness of the cuticle.

Compartmentation in Vicia faba Leaves. III. Photosynthesis in the Spongy and Palisade Parenchyma

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Outlaw ◽  
DB Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Glyceric Acid ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Kinetics Of

Relative rates of photosynthesis in the palisade and spongy parenchyma were found to be dependent upon the intensity of incident photosynthetically active radiation. The rate of photosynthesis in the spongy parenchyma relative to the rate in the palisade parenchyma increased with increasing light intensity. We attribute this behaviour to shading of the spongy parenchyma by palisade parenchyma. The kinetics of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were qualitatively similar in the two tissues. Immediately after a 6-s 14CO2 pulse, phosphoglyceric acid plus sugar phosphates represented about 85 % of the 14C in the water-soluble compounds in both the palisade and spongy parenchyma, and were the only compounds in which radioactivity declined. Sucrose was the main end-product of photosynthesis and represented 30% of the water-soluble radioactivity after 104 s in both these tissues. Other compounds (phosphoglycollic acid plus phosphoenolpyruvic acid, malic acid plus glyceric acid, and alanine) represented smaller, similar amounts of radioactivity in each tissue. A higher proportion of activity due to 14C-labelled (glycine plus serine) in the water-soluble fraction of the spongy parenchyma may reflect a difference in the proportion of photosynthate being respired there.

scholarly journals Anatomy, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential in grapevine leaves under plastic cover

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo Chavarria ◽  
Henrique Pessoa dos Santos ◽  
Luis Antônio Suita de Castro ◽  
Gilmar Arduíno Bettio Marodin ◽  
Homero Bergamaschi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Photosynthetic Potential

The present study evaluated the anatomy, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential of grapevine leaves grown under plastic cover. The experiment was carried out in vineyards of Moscato Giallo cultivar covered and uncovered with plastic. A block design with 10 selected plants was used for each area (covered and uncovered). Twelve leaves (six of them fully exposed to solar radiation and six grown under shaded conditions) were collected from each area and were fixed and analyzed microscopically (thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and of the palisade and spongy parenchymas). Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential were determined in the vineyard at veraison and after harvest. Plastic covering increased the thickness of the palisade parenchyma in exposed and shaded leaves due to solar radiation restriction. However, the leaves from the covered vineyard did not have the same response to the restriction of solar radiation, as observed in the uncovered vineyard. The thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and of the spongy parenchyma did not vary due to solar radiation restriction. Chlorophyll content increased in the leaves of covered plants. The photosynthetic potential of the vines is not affected by solar radiation restriction imposed by plastic cover due to anatomical modification in leaves.

Development of epidermal crystals in leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1664-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt L. Brubaker ◽  
Harry T. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Cell Wall Materials

In developing leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., twin prismatic calcium oxalate crystals form in adaxial and abaxial epidermal crystal idioblasts. These cells eventually die and collapse, leaving the crystals embedded in a matrix of cutin and cell-wall materials. Adaxial crystal idioblasts develop above large conical cells that, in turn, are interspersed among smaller, multiple-layered palisade parenchyma. Abaxial crystal idioblasts develop beneath a uniseriate layer of large horizontally branched cells abutting the abaxial epidermis. Spongy parenchyma occupies the middle mesophyll above the layer of branched cells. The abaxial crystals and the branched cells of the lowermost mesophyll develop simultaneously. Adaxial crystals and the conical cells develop later and in conjunction with each other. In mature leaflets, the adaxial and abaxial crystals and their associated collapsed crystal idioblasts form networks, the interstices of which are occupied by either single stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (adaxial) or clusters of stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (abaxial). Epidermal crystals are known from other Leguminosae; however, to our knowledge this is the first report where epidermal crystal development involving cell death and collapse is correlated with two types of specialized mesophyll cells.

Fertilisation residues alter leaf scleromorphy in an evergreen savannah shrub (Maprounea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Neves Delgado ◽  
Misléia Rodrigues de Aguiar Gomes ◽  
Sônia Nair Báo ◽  
Davi Rodrigo Rossatto
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma

In the present study, we examined how residues of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) fertilisers affect leaf anatomical traits in Maprounea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), a typical and dominant cerrado (Brazilian savannah) species adapted to dystrophic soils. We predicted that fertiliser residues would alter qualitative and quantitative aspects of M. brasiliensis leaves and would decrease their scleromorphy. Leaves were sampled from plants that were growing in soils previously fertilised with N, P and Ca and in plants that were growing in soils without fertiliser residues. We measured the thickness of the cuticle, the epidermis of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, thickness of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma, total thickness of the leaf, total area of the midrib and leaf mass per area (LMA). We found that plants under fertiliser residues produced fewer scleromorphic leaves with low LMA, thinner cuticle and epidermis and thicker palisade and spongy parenchyma. They also showed a decrease in the size and area occupied by the leaf midvein. However, plants under fertiliser residues produced similar leaf thickness as did the plants in the control group. Our results showed that residual effects of fertilisation changed structural patterns of a typical species of cerrado. Thus, further studies about fertilisation effects on leaf traits are needed because larger areas of the central cerrado are being occupied for agricultural production.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY HERBICIDE CLOMAZONE IN LEAVES OF ARBORESCENT SPECIES NATIVE TO BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. CABRAL ◽  
J.B. SANTOS ◽  
E.A. FERREIRA ◽  
S.S.D. COSTA ◽  
V.C. DALVI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba

ABSTRACT Herbicide clomazone is highly soluble in water, which increases the risk of leaching, resulting in contamination of sources of groundwater and waterways, affecting non-target organisms, with possible degradation of riparian areas. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible anatomical modifications of the leaf tissue of twelve arborescent species native to Brazil grown in soil contaminated by clomazone, in order to microscopically characterize leaf damage caused by the herbicide, and investigate whether the structural damage precedes visible damage. Through micro morphometrics, the thickness and the area occupied by the tissues were measured in a cross section of the leaves of the forest species: adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma. It has been found that the species evaluated were affected by the presence of the pesticide in the soil, and the variable with the largest negative changes was the spongy parenchyma. Among the species, Inga marginata, Schizolobium parahyba and Handroantus. serratifolius had higher tolerance to the herbicide, demonstrating potential for studies on the mechanism by which these plants exert such tolerance. Overall, the results revealed that the forest species studied demonstrate significant alterations in leaf anatomy in response to the presence of residues of herbicide clomazone in the soil, even in leaves with no visible lesions.

scholarly journals The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ciorîță ◽  
Septimiu Cassian Tripon ◽  
Ioan Gabriel Mircea ◽  
Dorina Podar ◽  
Lucian Barbu-Tudoran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Plants ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
First Time ◽  
Thick Layers ◽  
Space Ratio ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Morphological and anatomical traits of the Vinca leaf were examined using microscopy techniques. Outdoor Vinca minor and V. herbacea plants and greenhouse cultivated V. major and V. major var. variegata plants had interspecific variations. All Vinca species leaves are hypostomatic. However, except for V. minor leaf, few stomata were also present on the upper epidermis. V. minor leaf had the highest stomatal index and V. major had the lowest, while the distribution of trichomes on the upper epidermis was species-specific. Differentiated palisade and spongy parenchyma tissues were present in all Vinca species’ leaves. However, V. minor and V. herbacea leaves had a more organized anatomical aspect, compared to V. major and V. major var. variegata leaves. Additionally, as a novelty, the cellular to intercellular space ratio of the Vinca leaf’s mesophyll was revealed herein with the help of computational analysis. Lipid droplets of different sizes and aspects were localized in the spongy parenchyma cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cuticle and its epicuticular waxes were described for the first time. Moreover, thick layers of cutin seemed to be characteristic of the outdoor plants only. This could be an adaptation to the unpredictable environmental conditions, but nevertheless, it might influence the chemical composition of plants.

scholarly journals A new species of Anemopaegma (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Fabiana Firetti Leggieri ◽  
DIEGO DEMARCO ◽  
LÚCIA G. LOHMANN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
A New Species

The Atlantic Forest of Brazil includes one of the highest species diversity and endemism in the planet, representing a priority for biodiversity conservation. A new species of Anemopaegma from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is here described, illustrated and compared to its closest relatives. Anemopaegma nebulosum Firetti-Leggieri & L.G. Lohmann has been traditionally treated as a morph of Anemopaegma prostratum; however, additional morphological and anatomical studies indicated that A. nebulosum differs significantly from A. prostratum and is best treated as a separate species. More specifically, A. nebulosum is characterized by elliptic and coriaceous leaflets (vs. ovate to orbicular and membranaceous in A. prostratum), smaller leaflet blades (3.6–5.5 x 2.0–3.0 cm vs. 6.7–13.0 x 4.2–8.4 cm in A. prostratum), orbicular prophylls of the axillary buds (vs. no prophylls in A. prostratum), solitary flowers (vs. multi-flowered axillary racemes in A. prostratum) and a gibbous corolla (vs. infundibuliform corollas in A. prostratum). In addition, A. nebulosum differs from A. prostratum anatomically in having thicker leaflet blades composed of two to four layers of palisade parenchyma (vs. one to three layers in A. prostratum), and seven to eight layers in the spongy parenchyma (vs. six to eight layers in A. prostratum). A key for the identification of all species of Anemopaegma from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is presented.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Leaf Anatomy of Two Olive Cultivars Grown under Well-Irrigated and Drought Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Chartzoulakis ◽  
Angelos Patakas ◽  
Artemis Bosabalidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Leaf Anatomical Characteristics

The effect of water stress on gas exchange, water relations and leaf anatomical characteristics have been studied in two olive cultivars (Olea europea, L. cv. ‘Koroneiki’ and cv. ‚Mastoidis’). Photosynthetic rate as well as stomatal conductance were decreased in stressed plants. Osmotic potential (π) declined rapidly in stressed plants indicating their ability for osmoregulation. Bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) was significantly higher in stressed compared to well irrigated plants. The volume fraction of intercellular spaces of the upper palisade parenchyma, the spongy parenchyma as well as the lower palisade parenchyma were significantly lower in stressed compared to well irrigated plants. On the other hand, the density of mesophyll cells in the upper palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and lower palisade parenchyma increased significantly in stressed plants

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