scholarly journals Infant malnutrition and obesity in three population-based birth cohort studies in Southern Brazil: trends and differences

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. s417-s426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Cora L. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nutritional Deficits ◽  
Social Differentials

The aim of this study was to compare the evolution of nutritional deficits and overweight in one-year-old children from three birth cohorts started in 1982, 1993 and 2004 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Samples from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts and all children from 2004 were weighed and measured, and their mothers interviewed. Anthropometric deficits and overweight were assessed using both NCHS and WHO growth standards. A comparison of the existence of nutritional deficits showed that, after a decline between 1982 and 1993, its prevalence stabilized between 1993 and 2004. Across the whole period, a decrease in all deficits was observed. Obesity, on the other hand, increased. A deficit in the ratio of body length to age was found to be strongly associated with family income. The group with income below one minimum wage was the only to present a significant reduction of stunting during the study period. The most significant improvements in the reduction of nutritional deficits occurred in the first half of the study period, while social differentials remained. Fighting malnutrition is still necessary among the 40% of the population considered poor, and must be accompanied by efforts to combat overweight which is being observed in all social strata.

scholarly journals Infant nutrition and growth: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i80-i88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Gonçalves ◽  
Fernando C Barros ◽  
Romina Buffarini ◽  
Bernardo L Horta ◽  
Ana M B Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract Background Levels of child undernutrition have declined in many middle-income countries, whereas overweight and obesity have increased. We describe time trends in nutritional indicators at age 1 year in the 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts. Methods Each study included all children born in the urban area of the city, with over 4 200 births in each cohort. Children were measured at approximately 12 months of age. Anthropometric indicators were calculated according to World Health Organization Growth Standards. Stunting and wasting were defined as <-2 Z scores for length for age and weight for length, and overweight as >2 Z scores for weight for length. Prevalence was stratified by sex, maternal skin colour and family income. Results The prevalence of stunting declined by 53% (from 8.3% to 3.9%) from 1982 to 2015. Wasting prevalence remained stable at low levels (1.8% in 1982 and 1.7% in 2015), whereas overweight increased by 88% (6.5% to 12.2%). Undernutrition was more common among boys, those born to mothers with brown or black skin colour and in the poorest quintile of families. Socioeconomic inequalities in undernutrition decreased markedly over time. Overweight was markedly more common among the rich in 1982, but fast increase among the poor eliminated socioeconomic differences by 2015, when all groups showed similar prevalence. Conclusions Our results confirm the rapid nutrition transition in Brazil, with marked reduction in levels and inequalities in undernutrition in parallel with a rapid increase in overweight, which became the main nutritional problem for children.

scholarly journals Hospitalizations during infancy in three population-based studies in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. s437-s443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Juraci A. Cesar ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽  
Maria Alice S. O. Dode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Population Based ◽  
First Year ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Study Population ◽  
First Year Of Life

Three cohort studies of children born in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were carried out in 1982, 1993, and 2004. The aim of these studies was to measure the occurrence of hospitalization in the first year of life and to examine the association between hospitalization and the cause of admission and sex, birth weight, and family income. Cause of admission was categorized as "diarrhea" and "all other causes". The frequency of children hospitalized at least once during their first year of life was 19.6% in 1982, 18.1% in 1993, and 19.2% in 2004. There was a marked reduction in hospitalizations due to diarrhea, but the frequency of hospitalization for all causes remained constant. In all three cohorts, infants from poorer families and those born weighing under 2,000g showed the highest frequencies of hospitalization due to diarrhea and all other causes, and the latter also showed a marked increase in hospitalizations due to all causes. These findings could be explained by an epidemic of preterm births in the study population.

scholarly journals Maternal reproductive history: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i16-i25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Cesar G Victora ◽  
Mariangela F Silveira ◽  
Fernando C Wehrmeister ◽  
Bernardo L Horta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Birthweight ◽  
White Women ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Reproductive History ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Brazil experienced important progress in maternal and child health in recent decades. We aimed at describing secular trends as well as socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in reproductive history indicators (birth spacing, previous adverse perinatal outcome, parity and multiple births) over a 33-year span. Methods Four population-based birth cohort studies included all hospital births in 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Information on reproductive history was collected through interviews. Indicators were stratified by family income quintiles and skin colour. Absolute and relative measures of inequality were calculated. Results From 1982 to 2015, the proportion of primiparae increased from 39.2% to 49.6%, and median birth interval increased by 23.2 months. Poor women were more likely to report short intervals and higher parity, although reductions were observed in all income and ethnic groups. History of previous low birthweight was inversely related to income and increased by 7.7% points (pp) over time—more rapidly in the richest (12.1 pp) than in the poorest quintile (0.4 pp). Multiple births increased from 1.7% to 2.7%, with the highest increase observed among the richest quintile and for white women (220% and 70% increase, respectively). Absolute and relative income and ethnic-related inequalities for short birth intervals increased, whereas inequalities for previous low birthweight decreased over time. Conclusions In this 33-year period there were increases in birth intervals, multiple births and reports of previous low-birthweight infants. These trends may be explained by increased family planning coverage, assisted reproduction and a rise in preterm births, respectively. Our results show that socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in health are dynamic and vary over time, within the same location.

scholarly journals Prevalence of sun exposure and its associated factors in southern Brazil: a population-based study

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pereira Duquia ◽  
Ana Maria Baptista Menezes ◽  
Hiram Larangeira de Almeida Jr ◽  
Felipe Fossati Reichert ◽  
Iná da Silva dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultraviolet Index

BACKGROUND: Sunlight exposure is responsible for a large number of dermatological diseases.OBJECTIVE: We estimated the prevalence of sunlight exposure and its associated factors in adults from southern Brazil in a cross-sectional, population-based study.METHODS:We investigated a representative sample of individuals aged ≥ 20 years (n=3,136). Sunlight exposure and its associated factors were evaluated in two distinct situations: at leisure time and at work. The time period investigated ranged from December 2004 to March 2005, comprising 120 days of the highest ultraviolet index in the urban area of the city of Pelotas, in southern Brazil. The participants were asked about sunlight exposure for at least 20 minutes between 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. The analysis was stratified by sex, and sunlight exposure was grouped into five categories.RESULTS:Among the 3,136 participants, prevalence of sunlight exposure at the beach was 32.8% (95% CI, 30.3 - 35.2) and 26.3% (95% CI, 24.2 28.3) among men and women, respectively. The prevalence at work was 39.8% (95% CI, 37.2 - 42.4) among men and 10.5% (95% CI, 9.1 - 12.0) among women. Age was inversely associated with sunlight exposure. Family income and achieved schooling were positively associated with sunlight exposure at leisure time and inversely associated with sunglight exposure at work. Self-reported skin color was not associated. Knowledge of any friend or relative who has been affected by skin cancer was positively associated with sunlight exposure among men at work.CONCLUSION:Despite the media campaigns on the harmful effects of excessive sunlight exposure, we found a high prevalence of sunlight exposure during a period of high ultraviolet index.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and feeding patterns in three birth cohorts in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. s409-s416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Aluisio J. D. Barros ◽  
Bernardo L. Horta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
The City

Breastfeeding is fundamental for child health. Changes in the duration of breastfeeding are compared for three population-based cohorts of children born in 1982, 1993 and 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Samples of the 1982 and 1993 children and all of the children from the 2004 cohort study were sought at home when they were aged around 12 months. Both the duration of breastfeeding and the stage at which different kind of foods were regularly introduced were investigated. The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 3.1 to 6.8 months in this period. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months was practically non-existent in 1982 and had reached one third of infants by 2004. The increase was faster after 1993, suggesting an important impact made by promotion activities. Up to about 6-9 months, breastfeeding was more prevalent in high-income families, but after this age it became more common among the poor. Low birth weight babies were breastfeed for shorter durations. The duration of breastfeeding is still far short of international recommendations, justifying further campaigns. Special attention should be given to low birth weight babies and those from low-income families.

A Population-Based Study of Grade 12 Academic Performance in Adolescents with Childhood-onset Chronic Rheumatic Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. jrheum.201514
Author(s):  
Lily Siok Hoon Lim ◽  
Okekchukwu Ekuma ◽  
Ruth Ann Marrie ◽  
Marni Brownell ◽  
Christine Peschken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Language Arts ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Chronic Rheumatic Diseases

Objective 1) To compare grade 12 standards tests results of patients diagnosed with childhoodonset chronic rheumatic diseases (ChildCRD) and unaffected peers. 2) To identify factors associated with test results of ChildCRD patients and unaffected peers. Methods This was a population-based retrospective cohort study. All ChildCRD patients (juvenile arthritis and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases) from the only pediatric rheumatology centre in Manitoba for birth cohorts January 1979 to December 1998 were linked to the provincial administrative databases containing records of healthcare use and education outcomes Patients were matched by age, sex and postal codes to their peers who did not have ChildCRD. The primary outcomes were the grade 12 language arts achievement index (LAI) and the math achievement index (MAI) scores. ChildCRD, sociodemographic and mental health factors were tested for their associations with LAI and MAI scores using multivariable linear regression. Results 541 ChildCRD patients were matched to 2713 unaffected peers. ChildCRD patients had lower LAI and MAI scores compared to their peers. More ChildCRD patients failed or did not take the language arts (51% vs 41%, p<0.001) and maths (61% vs 55%, p=0.017) tests. On multivariable analysis, ChildCRD, lower socioeconomic status, younger maternal age at first childbirth, family income assistance, involvement with child welfare services, and mental health morbidities (between ChildCRD diagnosis and standards testing), were associated with worse LAI and MAI results. Conclusion This population-based study showed that ChildCRD patients performed less well than their peers on grade 12 standards tests results, independent of sociodemographic and mental health comorbidities.

scholarly journals Ten-year trends in prevalence of asthma in adults in southern Brazil: comparison of two population-based studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Spada Fiori ◽  
Helen Gonçalves ◽  
Samuel C. Dumith ◽  
Maria Aurora Dropa Chrestani Cesar ◽  
Ana M. B. Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Asthma ◽  
Asthma Symptoms

There are discrepancies in the literature regarding time trends in the occurrence of asthma in adults. This study compared asthma prevalence in two cross-sectional studies with a ten-year interval in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The first, in 2000, included 1,968 individuals, and the second, in 2010, 2,466 adults (20-69 years). Prevalence of wheezing and shortness of breath in the prior 12 months remained the same after ten years (6% and 6.1%, respectively). In both studies, asthma was more frequent among females and people with low family income. Physician-diagnosed asthma increased by 35.6%, and lifetime incidence of asthma, by 32.2%. There was no percentage change in current asthma symptoms or current asthma. Local socioeconomic improvement between the two studies was consistent with the increase in medical diagnosis, but did not reflect better management of asthma symptoms, underlining the need for investment regarding other determinants of the disease.

scholarly journals Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies in Epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5276
Author(s):  
Cristina Canova ◽  
Anna Cantarutti
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Medical Birth Register ◽  
Cohort Study Design

Birth cohort studies are the most appropriate type of design to determine the causal relationship between potential risk factors during the prenatal or postnatal period and the health status of the newborn up to childhood and potentially adulthood. To date, there has been a growth in interest regarding observational population-based studies which are performed to provide answers to specific research questions for defined populations, for instance, assessing the exposure to environmental pollutants or drugs on the risk of developing a disease. Birth cohorts based on the recruitment and active follow-up of mothers and children allow the collection of biological material, and specific clinical and genetic information. However, they require a considerable amount of time and resources and, besides being usually of limited size, they are exposed to the risk of the loss of subjects to follow-up, with decreased statistical power and possible selection bias. For these reasons, linking the medical birth register with administrative health records for mothers and babies is increasingly being used in countries with a universal healthcare system, allowing researchers to identify large and unselected populations from birth, and to reconstruct relevant traits and care pathways of mothers and newborns. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health focuses on the current state of knowledge on perinatal and postnatal exposures and adverse pregnancy, maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes through population-based birth cohort studies, with a specific focus on real-word data. The 12 accepted articles covered a wide range of themes that can be addressed specifically through birth cohort study design; however, only three were based on real word data with record-linkage to health administrative databases. In particular, two papers have addressed the topic of socioeconomic status considering several indicators both at the individual and contextual level. Two papers focused on inflammatory bowel diseases, both as an outcome of perinatal and antibiotic exposure in early life and as a condition associated with asthma, among children identified in a birth cohort based on a Regional Medical Birth Register. Three articles focused on medication use during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal health. The effect of exposure to prenatal environmental risk factors on perinatal and childhood outcomes has been considered in two papers. Two papers analyzed ad hoc nationwide prospective birth cohorts set in Japan and UK. Finally, we included a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the relation between growth restriction at birth and congenital heart defects. We think that this Special Issue may contribute to enriching the discussion of future challenges, opportunities, strengths and limitations for all research topics that can be investigated using a population-based birth cohort study design.

scholarly journals Developmental status at age 12 months according to birth weight and family income: a comparison of two Brazilian birth cohorts

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. s444-s450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Halpern ◽  
Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The City

Two cohorts of children born in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1993 and 2004, were compared in terms of neuro-psychomotor development at the age of 12 months. Children were evaluated using the Denver II screening test. Analyses were performed using the Poisson regression technique. The prevalence of suspected developmental delay fell from 37,1% in 1993 to 21.4% in 2004 and was inversely proportional to family income and birth weight. Among children born weighing under 2,000 g, there was a fourfold reduction in the prevalence of developmental delay between 1993 and 2004. With regard to family income, the poorest group showed the greatest reduction between the two cohorts - a 30% reduction in risk. Our results confirm the influence of income and birth weight on child development. The decrease in the prevalence of developmental delay in the last decade reflects, among other factors, improvements in neonatal care, increased coverage of developmental monitoring in the first year of life, and longer breastfeeding duration. Despite this reduction, the prevalence of developmental delay is still high, reinforcing the need for early diagnosis and intervention.

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