scholarly journals Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and initial seedling development of Euphorbia heterophylla

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
CECILIA N.K. SUDA ◽  
JARBAS F. GIORGINI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Rapid Transfer ◽  
Albumin Depletion

Seed composition and reserve mobilization were investigated in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Lipids, around 60% of seed dry mass, are the major reserve. Proteins, including albumins (49%), salt insoluble globulins (30%), salt-soluble globulins (21%) and prolamins (0.3%), comprise about a quarter of seed dry mass. Soluble sugars comprise about 3.6% of seed dry mass, sucrose being the predominant sugar. Starch was not detected in the endosperm of E. heterophylla. Lipid depletion starts after initial imbibition, and is completed between 72 and 96 hours. Protein fractions exhibit different degradation patterns, salt-soluble globulins being continuously degraded after the start of imbibition whereas salt insoluble fractions are degraded between 36 and 72 hours, and albumins between 60 and 84 hours. Globulin depletion is accompanied by an increase in free amino acids in the endosperm whereas intense albumin depletion is not. This result suggests that during albumin depletion there is a rapid transfer of amino acids to the growing embryo. Histochemical studies indicated that light accelerates protein degradation in the micropylar area of the seed. Soluble sugars increase in the embryo with no concomitant decrease in the endosperm, suggesting that sugars are mostly originated from the catabolism of lipids.

Effects of ozone on 14CO2 fixation patterns in pine

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1573-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Wilkinson ◽  
Robert L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
White Pine ◽  
14Co2 Fixation ◽  
Sugar Phosphates

Seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and detached shoots of white and loblolly (P. taeda L.) pines were exposed to various concentrations of ozone either before or during photosynthetic fixation of 14CO2. The major changes in distribution of 14C as a result of ozone treatment were (1) a reduction of relative activity in soluble sugars; (2) an increase in activity in sugar phosphates; and (3) an increase in activity in free amino acids, especially alanine. Significant differences in 14C fixation patterns were observed at ozone concentrations as low as 10 pphm (parts per hundred million), and during 14CO2 fixation times as short as 10 min. However, other combinations of treatment levels and times did not always result in statistically significant effects.

scholarly journals Investigation of Growth, Free Amino Acids, and Carbohydrate Concentration in the Roots of Perennial Ryegrass in Response to Soil Salinity at Subsurface Soil Depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuangjun Zhao ◽  
Margaret Mukami Gitau ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Yan Xie ◽  
Longxing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Plants growing in salt-affected soils may have retarded growth and inhibited or altered metabolic processes. This study aims at investigating the impact of subsurface soil salinity on root growth and metabolic processes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The seeds of perennial ryegrass (cv. Quick Start II) were planted in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 42 cm long) for 2 months. The experiment consisted of three treatments: 1) control, 40 cm filled with sand–peat mixture (7 sand : 3 peat wt/wt); 2) T20, a 20-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 20-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture; and 3) T30, a 30-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 10-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture. Our study showed that soil salinity at the subsurface inhibited the growth of perennial ryegrass roots. Compared with the control, the root activity in saline soil layer decreased, whereas it remained high in the mixture-soil zone. The content of amino acids in the roots obtained from the surface soil (0–10 cm) in T30 was greater than that in both the T20 and the control regimes. The content of soluble sugars in the roots went up with the decrease of the depth of sand–peat mixture. The increased root activity and free amino acids content in the roots sampled from the upper soil layers coupled with the increased soluble sugars in the roots subjected to soil salinity stress in the bottom soil layer represents some adaptive responses and regulative mechanisms in perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Effect of UV-B Radiation on Germination of Maize (Zea mays L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-891
Author(s):  
Nagendram Erram ◽  
Anil Gaddameedi ◽  
Swapna Siddamalla ◽  
Tumu Venkat Reddy ◽  
Manjula Bhanoori
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Proline Concentration

ABSTRACT: In the present investigation, Maize seeds of hybrid NK 6240 and 900M Gold were exposed to UV-B (280-320 nm) for periods of 40 and 60 minutes and compared with the control without exposer to UV-B. The biochemical changes associated with UV-B induced resistance were investigated by determination of proline concentration, total soluble sugars, total soluble protein, malondialdehyde content and free amino acids from leaves and roots. Also comparison for germination percentage between control and treated seeds was carried along with biochemical traits. Analysis of variance explains both the hybrids were significantly different in germination percentage, total soluble sugars, proline and free amino acids. Whereas both treatments showed high significant variation for all the studied traits, but genotype × treatment interaction was non-significant for all the traits. 40 minutes UV-B treated seeds showed reduced total soluble sugars and increased malondialdehyde, proline and total soluble protein content. In 60 minutes UV-B treatment, decrease in free amino acids, proline, percentage of germination, and total soluble protein and increase in total soluble sugars was observed.

scholarly journals Modification of cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings by kinetin

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.A. Al-Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Cadmium Treatment

The effect of foliar application of kinetin on the growth and some physiological processes of pea plants growing in soil supplemented with 25 or 50&micro;M Cd were studied. Cadmium treatment inhibited the growth rate, chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthesis (P<sub>N</sub>), content of soluble sugars and free amino acids of either shoots or roots. The application of kinetin (kin) enhanced the growth rate, Chl content, P<sub>N</sub>, soluble sugars and free amino acids content of shoots and roots; dark respiration rate (R<sub>D</sub>), contents of soluble protein and proline were increased by cadmium treatment. The addition of kinetin to Cd-stressed plant reduced R<sub>D</sub>, soluble protein and proline content. Considerable variations in the content of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> were induced by Cd-treatments. Foliar application of kinetin exhibited a favorable effect on the accumulation of some ions and antagonized or ameliorated the inhibitory effect of Cd stress on some others.

scholarly journals Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Normal Microflora

The oral microbiome is one of the most stable ecosystems in the body and yet the reasons for this are still unclear. As well as being stable, it is also highly diverse which can be ascribed to the variety of niches available in the mouth. Previous studies have focused on the microflora in disease—either caries or periodontitis—and only recently have they considered factors that maintain the normal microflora. This has led to the perception that the microflora proliferate in nutrient-rich periods during oral processing of foods and drinks and starves in between times. In this review, evidence is presented which shows that the normal flora are maintained on a diet of salivary factors including urea, lactate, and salivary protein degradation. These factors are actively secreted by salivary glands which suggests these factors are important in maintaining normal commensals in the mouth. In addition, the immobilization of SIgA in the mucosal pellicle indicates a mechanism to retain certain bacteria that does not rely on the bacterial-centric mechanisms such as adhesins. By examining the salivary metabolome, it is clear that protein degradation is a key nutrient and the availability of free amino acids increases resistance to environmental stresses.

Amino acid, sugar, and organic acid content during germination of Gateway barley and its chlorophyll mutant

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1479-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Sane ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acids ◽  
Etiolated Seedlings ◽  
Organic Acid Content ◽  
Mutant Seed

Amino acids and total soluble sugars in the embryo and endosperm of etiolated seedlings of Gateway barley and its mutant were compared over a 10-day period. The endosperm of the mutant had a lower reserve of protein but the levels of protein and free glycine, which is the nitrogenous precursor of chlorophyll, were similar in the embryos of both lines. Thus the low reserve of nitrogen in the mutant seed was not responsible for its virescent character. Based upon the changes in the amounts of endogenous amino acids it appeared that the free amino acids were direct precursors of protein. The content of total soluble sugars was similar in both lines. Shoots of light-grown seedlings of the mutant accumulated considerably more malate than those of the normal line. Although there was special interest in determining the amount of succinate at different stages of seedling development, none was detectable until the 10th day.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Provides A Novel Interpretation of the Changes in Main Compounds during Black Tea Processing through Different Drying Methods

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6739
Author(s):  
Fei Ye ◽  
Xiaoyan Qiao ◽  
Anhui Gui ◽  
Shengpeng Wang ◽  
Panpan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Metabolomics Data

This study aimed to compare the effect of hot roller (HR) drying and hot air (HA) drying on the sensory evaluation, chemical quality, antioxidant activity, and metabolic profile of Yihong Congou black tea processed from E’cha NO1. The Yihong Congou black tea dried with HA obtained higher sensory scores and better chemical qualities such as the hue of tea brew color (a and b), content of theaflavins, thearubigins, water extract, free amino acids, tea polyphenol, and the ratio of polyphenol to amino acids as well as higher antioxidant capacities compared to that dried with HR. The HA drying tea increased the contents of volatile compounds that had positive correlation with sweet and flowery flavor, while the HR drying tea increased the contents of volatile compounds related to fruity flavor. Moreover, non-targeted metabolomics data indicated that the levels of most free amino acids significantly increased, while the levels of most soluble sugars reduced in the HA drying method compared to the HR drying method. The metabolic analysis was also consistent with the above results and revealed that D-ribose and gallic acid were the main characteristic metabolites of HA drying. Our results could provide a technical reference and theoretical guide to processing a high quality of Yihong Congou black tea.

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