Estimating peach palm fruit surface area using allometric relationships

Fruit surface area is an important trait in studies of developmental physiology, as well as in entomological and phytopathological research, where damage caused by insects and/or microorganisms needs to be quantified. Nonetheless, direct measurement of this trait is difficult, not very precise and destructive. This study establishes allometric relationships to estimate the surface area of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae) fruits. Five fruits were harvested, at different maturation stages, from each of 18 plants. Image digitalization and edition methodology was adapted and compared with the traditional gravimetric method. Regression analysis and curve fitting were used to compare the two methods and establish allometric relationships among fruit surface area and fruit weight and size. The method based on image digitalization was twice as fast as the gravimetric method. Curve fitting for all pairs of independent and dependent variables was better with the image method. For most relationships, the best model was the exponential function (Y = ax b), although, due to its simplicity, the linear model is also adequated. The best allometric estimates of fruit surface area (Y) were obtained using the product of fruit length by maximum width (x) were: Y = 2.077 x 1.189 (R² = 94.8%); and Y = - 6.261 + 3.961 x (R² = 94.5%). Traits needed to establish this relationship are easily measured and non-destructive in nature. Validation of the allometric equations is essential when applied to other populations or landraces.

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FRUIT SIZE AND STAGE OF RIPENESS AFFECT POSTHARVEST WATER LOSS IN BELL PEPPER FRUIT (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.3.504a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 504A-504

Author(s):

Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez ◽

María Dolores Muy-Rangel ◽

Arturo Gaytán Mascorro

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Surface Area ◽

Water Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Mature Fruit ◽

Water Loss Rate ◽

Fruit Surface

Fruit water loss significantly affects the quality of bell peppers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fruit weight, size, and stage of ripeness on the rate of water loss and permeance to water vapor. Fruit surface area/weight ratio decreased logarithmically with increases in fruit size, with smaller fruit showing larger changes in the ratio than larger fruit. Mean water loss rate for individual fruit and permeance to water vapor declined with increases in fruit size and as fruit ripeness progressed. Fruit surface area/weight ratio and rate of water loss were both highest in immature fruit and showed no differences between mature green and red fruit. In mature fruit, permeance to water vapor for the skin and calyx were 29 μmol·m–2·s–1·kPa–1 and 398 μmol·m–2·s–1·kPa–1, respectively. About 26% of the water loss in mature fruit occurred through the calyx. There was a decline in firmness, water loss rate, and permeance to water vapor of the fruit with increasing fruit water loss during storage.

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The effects of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set and yield of Medjhol date palm

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v2i2.4246 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 67-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abdoul Amir Rahnama ◽

Esmaeil Rahkhodaei

Keyword(s):

Date Palm ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Block Design ◽

Male Flower ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Male And Female ◽

Time Interaction ◽

Female Flowers

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

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Changing the geometry of basins and water resources of Lakes Gopło and Ostrowskie under the influence of anthropopressure

Limnological Review ◽

10.2478/limre-2014-0004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 33-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Piasecki Adam ◽

Skowron Rajmund

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Surface Area ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Digital Terrain ◽

Terrain Models ◽

Basic Parameters ◽

Area And Volume

Abstract The paper presents the changes that have occurred in the morphometry of Lakes Gopło and Ostrowskie, which are located in central Poland. The analysis covered the period characterised by increased human interference into the water cycle, which has been taking place continually since the mid-eighteenth century. On the basis of available cartographic materials (aerial photographs, topographic maps, bathymetric charts of the lakes) and the authors’ own field measurements digital terrain models were developed for the immediate environment of the surveyed lakes. These models, in turn, were used for measuring basic parameters characterising the external dimensions of the lakes (surface area, length and maximum width, shoreline length) and their underwater relief (volume, maximum and average depth). In addition, the selected indicators of the shape and form of the lake basins were determined. The results showed a drastic reduction of water resources of the two lakes. The basin of Lake Gopło covers only the deepest parts of the former reservoir, accounting for only 23.3% of the lake before 1772, and 32.5% of its former volume. In the case of Lake Ostrowskie the surface area and volume decreased, respectively, by 23.5% (74.9 ha) and 21.3% (6 695 000 m3). Such large changes in surface area and volume of both lakes have contributed to significant changes in other morphometric parameters and indicators. In particular, significant changes were observed in relation to such morphometric characteristics as length and maximum width, as well as average and maximum depth.

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UJI KUALITAS ORGANOLEPTIK DAN KADAR SERAT PADA PRODUK PANGAN JELLY DRINK BERBAHAN DASAR BUAH AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr) SERTA IMPLIKASINYA PADA MASYARAKAT TANIWEL

Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan ◽

10.30598/biopendixvol6issue2page62-67 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Aprilya Claudia Aliputty ◽

Fredy Leiwakabessy ◽

Merry Pattipeilohy

Keyword(s):

Main Product ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Fiber Content ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Organoleptic Quality ◽

Color Parameters ◽

Food Shortages ◽

Palm Sugar ◽

Alcoholic Drinks ◽

Male Flowers

Background: Sugar palm plants (Arenga pinnata MERR) are plants that have great potential in terms of food shortages. Currently the main product of the palm sugar plantations is the sap of tapping male flowers made of palm sugar, sageru, vinegar and alcoholic drinks. In addition, all parts of the palm treeare useful and can be used for a variety of needs, ranging from roots, stems, leaves, fibers, and the results of their production are roomie, flour and fruit. This study aims to determine the organoleptic quality and jelly fiber content of drinks made from palm fruit (Arenga pinnata Merr). Methods: This study uses a gravimetric method to determine the levels of fiber in jelly drinks and hedonic methods to test organoleptics. Results: Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that the levels of jelly fiber drinks made from palm fruit are different. In the U-I test code the fiber content was 0,3446 while in the U-II test code it was 0,3127. Organoleptic test on jelly drink made from palm fruit showed the average for color parameters of 3, taste of 4.8, texture of 4.9, and suppleness of 4.5. This research is implied in the form of leaflets to the Taniwel community. Conclusion: The levels of jelly fiber drinks made from palm fruit are different. Organoleptic testing was carried out by 20 panelists who had tested the parameters of color, taste, texture and suppleness

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Why extensive research and development did not promote use of peach palm fruit in Latin America

Advances in Agroforestry - New Vistas in Agroforestry ◽

10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_14 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 195-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. R. Clement ◽

J. C. Weber ◽

J. van Leeuwen ◽

C. Astorga Domian ◽

D. M. Cole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Research And Development ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Peach Palm

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Characterization of Activated Carbon from Sugar Cane Husk

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.1006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 699 ◽

pp. 1006-1011

Author(s):

Nurul’ Ain binti Jamion ◽

Siti Mazleena binti Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Sugar Cane ◽

Single Point ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Vacuum Method

Interface adsorption of gases and liquid on a clean solid surface could be due to the physical or chemical adsorption. In this study, the activated carbon was prepared from sugar cane husk (powder and granular form) using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agent. Sample was activated at 500°C for two hours in the furnace and washed using vacuum method. Besides, surface area of activated carbon was defined using Single Point Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Nitrogen Gas. The physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared activated carbon were characterized by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), gravimetric method, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The adsorption study by surfactants, namely CTAB (cationic) and TX-100 (non-ionic) were investigated. The experimental results showed that a good activated carbon was prepared from sugar cane husk granular (SCH-G) gave the highest BET surface area of 860.18 m2/g and the adsorption capacity of SCH-G activated carbon at 25°C using TX-100 (205.81 mg g-1) was greater compared to the CTAB (108.20 mg g-1). This study has shown that the sugar cane husk was a good activated carbon and has potential to be used as adsorbent for the removal of surfactants from aqueous solutions.

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Optical measurement of isolated canine lung filtration coefficients at normal hematocrits

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1976 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 1976-1985 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph W. Klaesner ◽

N. Adrienne Pou ◽

Richard E. Parker ◽

Charlene Finney ◽

Robert J. Roselli

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Optical Measurement ◽

Venous Pressure ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Volume Changes ◽

Multiple Indicator Dilution ◽

Permeability Surface ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Area Product ◽

Filter Cartridge

Klaesner, Joseph W., N. Adrienne Pou, Richard E. Parker, Charlene Finney, and Robert J. Roselli. Optical measurement of isolated canine lung filtration coefficients at normal hematocrits. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1976–1985, 1997.—In this study, lung filtration coefficient ( K fc) values were measured in eight isolated canine lung preparations at normal hematocrit values using three methods: gravimetric, blood-corrected gravimetric, and optical. The lungs were kept in zone 3 conditions and subjected to an average venous pressure increase of 10.24 ± 0.27 (SE) cmH2O. The resulting K fc(ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ cmH2O−1 ⋅ 100 g dry lung wt−1) measured with the gravimetric technique was 0.420 ± 0.017, which was statistically different from the K fc measured by the blood-corrected gravimetric method (0.273 ± 0.018) or the product of the reflection coefficient (ςf) and K fc measured optically (0.272 ± 0.018). The optical method involved the use of a Cellco filter cartridge to separate red blood cells from plasma, which allowed measurement of the concentration of the tracer in plasma at normal hematocrits (34 ± 1.5). The permeability-surface area product was measured using radioactive multiple indicator-dilution methods before, during, and after venous pressure elevations. Results showed that the surface area of the lung did not change significantly during the measurement of K fc. These studies suggest that ςf K fccan be measured optically at normal hematocrits, that this measurement is not influenced by blood volume changes that occur during the measurement, and that the optical ςf K fcagrees with the K fc obtained via the blood-corrected gravimetric method.

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Commercial Spray Trial with Bas 300 111 on Texas Citrus, 1994

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/20.1.54 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 54-54

Author(s):

J. Victor French ◽

Santiago Villarreal

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Air Blast ◽

Fruit Surface

Abstract Experimental BAS 300 1II was compared to the standard acaricides, Agri-Mek + NR 440 oil and Vendex, for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 4 trees each in an 8 yr old grapefruit orchard on a spacing of 15 × 24 ft. Treatment sprays were applied on 9 May using an FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer operating at 1 mph, with nozzling and pressure calibrated to apply 250 gpa. At each count date, 50 fruit per replicate were randomly selected at arms length inside the tree canopy and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 50 randomly sampled fruit from each replicate were evaluated for CRM damage. If & one third of the fruit surface area had CRM damage it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.

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Synthesis of Hydrophobic Mesoporous Material MFS and Its Adsorption Properties of Water Vapor

Journal of Spectroscopy ◽

10.1155/2014/965037 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guotao Zhao ◽

Zhenxiao Zhao ◽

Junliang Wu ◽

Daiqi Ye

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Surface Area ◽

Mesoporous Material ◽

High Surface ◽

Synthesis Method ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Adsorption Properties ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Mcm 41

Fluorine-containing hydrophobic mesoporous material (MFS) with high surface area is successfully synthesized with hydrothermal synthesis method by using a perfluorinated surfactant SURFLON S-386 template. The adsorption properties of water vapor on the synthesized MFS are also investigated by using gravimetric method. Results show that SEM image of the MFS depicted roundish morphology with the average crystal size of 1-2 μm. The BET surface area and total pore volume of the MFS are 865.4 m2 g−1and 0.74 cm3 g−1with a narrow pore size distribution at 4.9 nm. The amount of water vapor on the MFS is about 0.41 mmol g−1at 303 K, which is only 52.6% and 55.4% of MCM-41 and SBA-15 under the similar conditions, separately. The isosteric adsorption heat of water on the MFS is gradually about 27.0–19.8 kJ mol−1, which decreases as the absorbed water vapor amount increases. The value is much smaller than that on MCM-41 and SBA-15. Therefore, the MFS shows more hydrophobic surface properties than the MCM-41 and SBA-15. It may be a kind of good candidate for adsorption of large molecule and catalyst carrier with high moisture resistance.

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