scholarly journals Climate changes and technological advances: impacts on sugarcane productivity in tropical southern Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlia Ribeiro Ferreira Gouvêa ◽  
Paulo Cesar Sentelhas ◽  
Samuel Thomazella Gazzola ◽  
Marcelo Cabral Santos
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sugarcane Productivity

The climatic projections for this century indicate the possibility of severe consequences for human beings, especially for agriculture where adverse effects to productivity of crops and to agribusiness as a whole may occur. An agrometeorological model was used to estimate sugarcane yield in tropical southern Brazil, based on future A1B climatic scenarios presented in the fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, in 2007. Sugarcane yield was evaluated for 2020, 2050, and 2080 considering the possible impacts caused by changes in temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, as well as technological advances. Increasingly higher temperatures will cause an increase of the potential productivity (PP), since this variable positively affects the efficiency of the photosynthetic processes of C4 plants. Changes in solar radiation and rainfall, however, will have less impact. PP will increase by 15% in relation to the present condition in 2020, by 33% in 2050 and by 47% in 2080. Regarding the actual productivities (AP), the increase observed in PP will compensate for the negative effect of the projected increase in water deficit. AP will increase by 12% in relation to the present condition in 2020, by 32% in 2050 and by 47% in 2080. The increase in sugarcane productivity resulting from the projected scenarios will have important impacts on the sugarcane sector.

scholarly journals The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4109
Author(s):  
Jindong Wu ◽  
Jiantao Weng ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Yujie Zhao ◽  
Qiuji Song
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Meeting Room ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Occupant Satisfaction ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

High indoor air quality is crucial for the health of human beings. The purpose of this work is to analyze the synergistic effect of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on occupant satisfaction and work productivity. This study carried out a real-scale experiments in a meeting room with exposures of up to one hour. Indoor environment parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, illuminance, and noise level, were controlled at a reasonable level. Twenty-nine young participants were participated in the experiments. Four mental tasks were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the work productivity of occupants and a questionnaire was used to access participants’ satisfaction. The Spearman correlation analysis and two-way analysis of variance were applied. It was found that the overall performance declined by 1% for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, for every 10% increase in dissatisfaction with air quality, productivity performance decreased by 1.1% or more. It should be noted that a high CO2 concentration (800 ppm) has a stronger negative effect on occupant satisfaction towards air quality than PM2.5 concentration in a non-ventilated room. In order to obtain optimal occupant satisfaction and work productivity, low concentrations of PM2.5 (<50 μg/m3) and CO2 (<700 ppm) are recommended.

scholarly journals Simulation of future climate scenarios and the impact on the water availability in southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e56026
Author(s):  
Gabriela Leite Neves ◽  
Jorim Sousa das Virgens Filho ◽  
Maysa de Lima Leite ◽  
Frederico Fabio Mauad
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
The Impact

Water is an essential natural resource that is being impacted by climate change. Thus, knowledge of future water availability conditions around the globe becomes necessary. Based on that, this study aimed to simulate future climate scenarios and evaluate the impact on water balance in southern Brazil. Daily data of rainfall and air temperature (maximum and minimum) were used. The meteorological data were collected in 28 locations over 30 years (1980-2009). For the data simulation, we used the climate data stochastic generator PGECLIMA_R. It was considered two scenarios of the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and a scenario with the historical data trend. The water balance estimates were performed for the current data and the simulated data, through the methodology of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955). The moisture indexes were spatialized by the kriging method. These indexes were chosen as the parameters to represent the water conditions in different situations. The region assessed presented a high variability in water availability among locations; however, it did not present high water deficiency values, even with climate change. Overall, it was observed a reduction of moisture index in most sites and in all scenarios assessed, especially in the northern region when compared to the other regions. The second scenario of the IPCC (the worst situation) promoting higher reductions and dry conditions for the 2099 year. The impacts of climate change on water availability, identified in this study, can affect the general society, therefore, they must be considered in the planning and management of water resources, especially in the regional context

scholarly journals Emergent constraints on equilibrium climate sensitivity in CMIP5: do they hold for CMIP6?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1233-1258
Author(s):  
Manuel Schlund ◽  
Axel Lauer ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Steven C. Sherwood ◽  
Veronika Eyring
Keyword(s):  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Emergent Constraints ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Emergent Constraint

Abstract. An important metric for temperature projections is the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), which is defined as the global mean surface air temperature change caused by a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The range for ECS assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report is between 1.5 and 4.5 K and has not decreased over the last decades. Among other methods, emergent constraints are potentially promising approaches to reduce the range of ECS by combining observations and output from Earth System Models (ESMs). In this study, we systematically analyze 11 published emergent constraints on ECS that have mostly been derived from models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) project. These emergent constraints are – except for one that is based on temperature variability – all directly or indirectly based on cloud processes, which are the major source of spread in ECS among current models. The focus of the study is on testing if these emergent constraints hold for ESMs participating in the new Phase 6 (CMIP6). Since none of the emergent constraints considered here have been derived using the CMIP6 ensemble, CMIP6 can be used for cross-checking of the emergent constraints on a new model ensemble. The application of the emergent constraints to CMIP6 data shows a decrease in skill and statistical significance of the emergent relationship for nearly all constraints, with this decrease being large in many cases. Consequently, the size of the constrained ECS ranges (66 % confidence intervals) widens by 51 % on average in CMIP6 compared to CMIP5. This is likely because of changes in the representation of cloud processes from CMIP5 to CMIP6, but may in some cases also be due to spurious statistical relationships or a too small number of models in the ensemble that the emergent constraint was originally derived from. The emergently- constrained best estimates of ECS also increased from CMIP5 to CMIP6 by 12 % on average. This can be at least partly explained by the increased number of high-ECS (above 4.5 K) models in CMIP6 without a corresponding change in the constraint predictors, suggesting the emergence of new feedback processes rather than changes in strength of those previously dominant. Our results support previous studies concluding that emergent constraints should be based on an independently verifiable physical mechanism, and that process-based emergent constraints on ECS should rather be thought of as constraints for the process or feedback they are actually targeting.

scholarly journals MUSIUM SENI DIGITAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1989
Author(s):  
Stefanie Evelyn ◽  
Sutrisnowati Machdijar
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Digital Art ◽  
Shape Grammar ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Digital City ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
High Level

BSD City is an area that is planned to be a pioneer of the Integrated Smart Digital City, triggered by the population of BSD which is dominated by millennials and alpha generations who grow up following technological developments. Millennials have a high level of anxiety, stress and depression. To reduce high levels of stress art has an important role where art can change one's emotions and behavior, have a positive impact on stress management, reduce anxiety levels and improve mood. Digital technology has allowed art to go beyond existing boundaries, so that art in the present and in the future will be more dynamic, flexible in accordance with the character of the millennials generation. Therefore, this design aims to provide a forum for interaction between art and humans and among fellow human beings from various groups by utilizing technological advances to maximize the interactions that occur and foster creative thinking and self-expression through digital art. The design is done by survey method and shape grammar. A museum where visitors can explore digital art and interact directly with the artwork and express their emotions freely into a museum, is needed by the Millennials at this time. AbstrakKota BSD merupakan suatu kawasan yang direncanakan akan menjadi pionir Integrated Smart Digital City, dipicu oleh penduduk BSD yang didominasi oleh generasi milenial dan generasi alfa yang tumbuh dengan mengikuti perkembangan teknologi. Generasi  milenial memiliki  tingkat kecemasan, stress, dan depresi yang tinggi. Untuk mengurangi tingkat stress yang tinggi itu seni memiliki peran yang penting dimana seni dapat mengubah emosi dan perilaku seseorang, memberi dampak positif pada manajemen stress, mengurangi tingkat kecemasan dan meningkatkan mood.[1] Teknologi digital telah memungkinkan seni untuk melampaui batasan-batasan yang ada, sehingga seni di masa sekarang dan di masa yang akan datang menjadi lebih dinamis, fleksibel sesuai dengan karakter generasi millennials. Oleh karena itu, perancangan ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan wadah interaksi antara seni dengan manusia dan antara sesama  manusia dari berbagai golongan dengan memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi untuk memaksimalkan interaksi yang terjadi serta menumbuhkan pemikiran kreatif dan ekspresi diri melalu seni digital. Perancangan dilakukan dengan metode survei dan shape grammar. Museum dimana pengunjung dapat mengeksplorasi seni digital dan berinteraksi langsung dengan karya seni tersebut serta mengekspresikan emosinya secara bebas menjadi museum yang dibutuhkan generasi milenial di masa ini.[1] Sabine C. Koch & Fuchs T, Embodied Arts Therapies, (Arts Psychother, 2011)

scholarly journals Effect of Water Deficit on Gas Exchange Responses to Intercellular CO2 Concentration Increase of Quercus suber L. Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Mokhtar Baraket ◽  
Sondes Fkiri ◽  
Ibtissam Taghouti ◽  
Salma Sai Kachout ◽  
Amel Ennajah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Intercellular Co2

In north Tunisia, the Quercus suber L. forests have shown a great decline indices as well as a non-natural regeneration. The climate changes could accentuate this unappreciated situation. In this study, the effect of water deficit on physiological behavior of Quercus suber seedlings was investigated. Photosynthetic responses of 15 months old Cork oak seedlings grown for 30 days under 40% and 80% soil water water content (control) were evaluated. Results showed a negative effect of water deficit and a positive effect of the intercellular CO2 concentration increase both on photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata conductance might play a major role in balancing gas exchanges between the leaf and its environment. Moreover, global warming could negatively affect carbon uptake of Cork oak species in northern Tunisia. Elevated CO2 leaf content will benefit Cork oak growing under water deficit by decreasing both photoysnthesis and transpiration, which will decrease either the rate or the severity of water deficits, with limited effects on metabolism. the results suggest that high intercellular CO2 concentration could increase water use efficiency among Cork oak species.

scholarly journals The problem of introduction of rare and endangered plants of the middle Urals’ flora

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
M. Y. Karpukhin ◽  
A. V. Abramchuk
Keyword(s):  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
The Middle Urals ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Wild Plant Species ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Rare And Endangered

The problem of gene pool protection of wild plant species has gained a special relevance in modern times. In connection with the growth of population there is an increase in economic activity of human beings and their active influence on nature: wild lands plowing, overpasses plotting, construction of new and widening the boundaries of existing settlements. In addition, intensive harvesting of plants as medicinal, decorative, food, forage, etc is in progress. All this has a negative effect on the condition of wild plants: their stocks are declining, and some species are disappearing at all. A number of plants such as: spring adonis (Adonis vernalis L.), martagon lily [Liliumpilosisculum(Freyn)) Miscz,L.], butterfly orchid [Platantherabifolia(L.) Rchb], PaeoniaanomalaL. , rosewort (Rhodiolarosea L.) in their status, they belong to the group of rare and endangered species, they are listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals, and their conservation requires introduction. The study found that the species studied are culturally resistant, adapting well to new conditions. During the growth process, they went through all phenological phases, ending the development cycle with the fruiting phase with seed formation. Seeds with high enough sowing properties was provided by martagon lily, for which self-seeding is characteristic; low germination of seeds is noted in Rhodiolarosea L. and Platantherabifolia (L.) Rchb.

Dynamic Rheology and Microstructure of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites Prepared Under Sc-CO2 by Melt Compounding

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Han-Xiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nano Clay ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Negative Effect

The polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites were prepared using a twin screw extruder with the aid of the supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2). The dynamic rheological properties were measured using a rheometer in the oscillatory mode. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of extruded nanocomposites. Results showed that an optimized CO2 concentration existed. When the CO2 concentration increased up to the optimized level, the nanocomposites tended to be more viscous, especially at low frequency. Whereas further increasing the CO2 concentration resulted in the decrease in the complex viscosity and dynamic moduli. The presence of Sc-CO2 with the concentration not higher than the optimized level was helpful to promote the degree of dispersion of the nano-clay in PP matrix, and overloaded CO2 would have negative effect on the clay dispersion.

scholarly journals Evolution of the grapevine bud dormancy under different thermal regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3419
Author(s):  
Rafael Anzanello
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Winter Chilling

Fluctuations in winter chilling availability impact bud dormancy and budburst. This study aimed to quantify the thermal requirements during dormancy for ‘Italia’ grape, under different thermal regimes. Cuttings of grapevines ‘Itália’ were collected in Veranópolis-RS, on April/2017, with zero chilling hours (CH). The cuttings were exposed to constant (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h, 12/12h or 18/6h) temperatures, or yet, a constant temperature (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h), combined with one or two days a week at 25°C. Periodically, part of the cuttings was transferred to 25°C for daily budburst evaluation. The induction of the endodormancy (dormancy induced by cold) occurred with 200 CH, independent of the thermal regime, and the overcoming with 300 HF, at 7.2°C. The alternating heat of 18°C in the middle of the cold did not affect the process of overcoming endodormancy. Heat waves during endodormancy resulted in an increased CH to overcome the bud dormancy. The negative effect of high temperature depended on the exposure time. Chilling was partly cancelled during dormancy when the heat wave lasted 36 continuous hours or more. These evidences serve as basis for new model adjustments for budburst prediction, especially for regions with mild and irregular winters, such as those of Southern Brazil.

IMPACT OF WARS ON EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Janusz SZTUMSKI
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Future War

Armed conflicts have been accompanying the development of humankind for centuries. But wars appeared only when states were established, in which armed forces, structures specialising in fighting, were distinguished.The impact of wars on the changes of societies can be discussed by taking account of their consequences to the lifestyle and level of civilisation. The continuous improvement of empowering results in the development of not only weapons, but also the techniques of its production, which affects the development of civilization as well. In turn, the improvement of armed forces has an impact on the development of the organisation of social life and existing institutions.Of course, wars lead to the destruction of the achievements of civilization and human beings, which has a negative effect on social progress. However, the emergence of increasingly dangerous weapons, including thermonuclear and chemical ones, results in the situation in which future war becomes a serious threat not only for individual societies, but even for humankind and nature. The principle of si vis pacem - para bellum known for centuries should be modified into si vis pacem non para bellum.

Cybernetics, Genetic Engineering and the Future of Psychotherapy

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Robert M. Anderson ◽  
Yevgenyia K. Melnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Human Life Span

This essay describes possible futures that may result from accelerating technological advances and the challenges these futures present to psychotherapists. In the next 100 years, human beings will be likely to increasingly use computers and artificial intelligence and become extremely dependent on this relationship. Chip and stem cell implants may provide people with greater memory capacity, computational capacity, and skill sets. Genetic engineering, cryonics, and cloning may allow dramatic increases in the human life span these developments occur, they will challenge what it means to be a human being and have a soul. Although psychotherapists will acquire new tools for assessment and intervention, they will face the daunting task of addressing these changes and challenges to personhood with their clients.

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