scholarly journals Transfer investment on education on a free cost basis: some evidence from Portugal, Spain, Greece and Italy

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (93) ◽  
pp. 777-803
Author(s):  
Luisa Cerdeira ◽  
Belmiro Cabrito ◽  
Maria Lourdes Machado-Taylor ◽  
Tomás Patrocínio
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Primary Schooling ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Degree ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract For decades, education has been viewed as an instrument for social mobility and also as a tool for economic growth and social development. Over the recent years, we have witnessed an output movement of highly qualified graduates, from peripheral southern Europe to the more developed countries of the EU and OECD. In this article, we analyse the reality of four countries: Portugal, Spain, Greece and Italy. In order to examine the socio-economic impact of this brain drain, it will be introduced an estimation using OECD statistics (2014) of the public and private costs to educate a student from primary schooling through a higher education degree. In spite of the differences among these countries’ experiences, there is no doubt that these countries “offered” high qualified workers for free or at a zero cost basis to the “importing” countries.

scholarly journals National Immunization Program: Computerized System as a tool for new challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Process ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nominal Data ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Innovative Tool ◽  
The Impact

The scope and coverage of the Brazilian Immunization Program can be compared with those in developed countries because it provides a large number of vaccines and has a considerable coverage. The increasing complexity of the program brings challenges regarding its development, high coverage levels, access equality, and safety. The Immunization Information System, with nominal data, is an innovative tool that can more accurately monitor these indicators and allows the evaluation of the impact of new vaccination strategies. The main difficulties for such a system are in its implementation process, training of professionals, mastering its use, its constant maintenance needs and ensuring the information contained remain confidential. Therefore, encouraging the development of this tool should be part of public health policies and should also be involved in the three spheres of government as well as the public and private vaccination services.

Part I Introduction, 1 Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijckmans Frank ◽  
Tuytschaever Filip
Keyword(s):  
Competition Law ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Private Enforcement ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Public And Private Enforcement ◽  
The Eu

This chapter explains the term ‘vertical agreements’ and what it covers. It addresses a number of general issues that are relevant to the EU competition law treatment of vertical agreements in general. It describes the implementation and the (public and private) enforcement of Article 101 TFEU before and after the entry into force of Regulation 1/2003. The chapter provides the historical background of both Regulation 330/2010 and Regulation 461/2010. In particular, it devotes specific attention to the nature and legal and practical consequences of soft EU competition law (in the form of notices, guidelines, etc) as opposed to hard EU competition law (provisions of primary and secondary EU law).

Downsizing and Building Organizational Memory

2010 ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas N. Bowersox
Keyword(s):  
Brain Drain ◽  
Organizational Memory ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
The Public ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
A Company

Recent business practices over the past decade have been tainted with corporate restructuring strategies such as downsizing, reorganizations, and job redesigns. With the hopes of increasing efficiency, gaining productivity, and reducing costs, many companies have participated in such efforts. However, one must consider the irony behind this shrewd, if not tactfully harsh, business practice. While organizations continue to decrease their workforce in an effort to regain acceptable profit margins, cut back on “waste” and become “leaner”, they also stress the importance of sharing knowledge among employees and building organizational memory. How can a company effectively share knowledge and build organizational memory when its employee base is shrinking? This is an interesting question that has stirred much debate over recent years, both in the public and private sector. As such, this book chapter attempts to explore the paradoxical relationship between downsizing (brain-drain) and building organizational memory (brain-gain).

scholarly journals China-Europe Relations in the Mitigation of Climate Change: A Conceptual Framework

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Berger ◽  
Doris Fischer ◽  
Rasmus Lema ◽  
Hubert Schmitz ◽  
Frauke Urban
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multiple Relationships ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Fields ◽  
Main Message ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
The Eu

Despite the large-scale investments of both China and the EU in climate-change mitigation and renewable-energy promotion, the prevailing view on China–EU relations is one of conflict rather than cooperation. In order to evaluate the prospects of cooperation between China and the EU in these policy fields, empirical research has to go beyond simplistic narratives. This paper suggests a conceptual apparatus that will help researchers better understand the complexities of the real world. The relevant actors operate at different levels and in the public and private sectors. The main message of the paper is that combining the multilevel governance and value-chain approaches helps clarify the multiple relationships between these actors.

scholarly journals Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector and Public Sector Unionism in the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B Freeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Union Status ◽  
Contraction And Expansion ◽  
Public Sector Unionism

The institutional structure of the American labor market changed remarkably from the 1950s and 1960s to the 1980s. What explains the decline in union representation of private wage and salary workers? Why have unions expanded in the public sector while contracting in the private sector? Is the economy-wide fall in density a phenomenon common to developed capitalist economies, or is it unique to the United States? To what extent should economists alter their views about what unions do to the economy in light of the fact that they increasingly do it in the public sector? To answer these questions I examine a wide variety of evidence on the union status of public and private workers. I contrast trends in unionization in the United States with trends in other developed countries, particularly Canada, and use these contrasts and the divergence between unions in the public and private sectors of the United States to evaluate proposed explanations.

EU and International Organisations Rules on Public-Private Partnerships

10.4335/81 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Vesna Kranjc
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Contractual Relationships ◽  
The Eu

Through the public procurement rules, protection of competition, equality of choice and transparency of the procedure in relationships between the public and private sectors are provided, to the greatest extent possible, in the EU rules. All the contractual relationships between the public and private sectors cannot be subject to strict and formal rules on public procurement primarily due to the special nature of business operations, complexity and duration of the relationships. Concessions or public-private partnerships of a concessionary nature are excluded from the legal regime that applies to public procurement. This paper analyses the contractual relationships of the concessionary nature and the EU efforts for ensuring a certain degree of equal treatment of private partners entering into public-private partnerships. KEYWORDS: • protection of competition • public-private partnership • concession • European Union

The quality of care in outpatient primary care in public and private sectors in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Chien Chin ◽  
Sheamini Sivasampu ◽  
Nilmini Wijemunige ◽  
Ravindra P Rannan-Eliya ◽  
Rifat Atun
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa

Abstract In Malaysia, first-contact, primary care is provided by parallel public and private sectors, which are completely separate in organization, financing and governance. As the country considers new approaches to financing, including using public schemes to pay for private care, it is crucial to examine the quality of clinical care in the two sectors to make informed decisions on public policy. This study intends to measure and compare the quality of clinical care between public and private primary care services in Malaysia and, to the extent possible, assess quality with the developed economies that Malaysia aspires to join. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the National Medical Care Survey 2014, a nationally representative survey of doctor–patient encounters in Malaysia. We assessed clinical quality for 27 587 patient encounters using data on 66 internationally validated quality indicators. Aggregate scores were constructed, and comparisons made between the public and private sectors. Overall, patients received the recommended care just over half the time (56.5%). The public sector performed better than the private sector, especially in the treatment of acute conditions, chronic conditions and in prescribing practices. Both sectors performed poorly in the indicators that are most resource intensive, suggesting that resource constraints limit overall quality. A comparison with 2003 data from the USA, suggests that performance in Malaysia was similar to that a decade earlier in the USA for common indicators. The public sector showed better performance in clinical care than the private sector, contrary to common perceptions in Malaysia and despite providing worse consumer quality. The overall quality of outpatient clinical care in Malaysia appears comparable to other developed countries, yet there are gaps in quality, such as in the management of hypertension, which should be tackled to improve overall health outcomes.

Commercialization of Technological Innovations: The Effects of Internal Entrepreneurs and Managerial and Cultural Factors on Public–Private Inter-Organizational Cooperation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Geisler ◽  
Giuseppe Turchetti
Keyword(s):  
Technology Policy ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Laboratories

Why do scientists and engineers in government laboratories and private companies cooperate and exchange and commercialize technology? What are the factors that impact the propensity to commercialize and the success of such collaborations? These research questions were explored in the extant literature, but the focus has mainly been on the impacts of incentives that employees of public technology laboratories received from their management. This paper reports the findings from a study of 43 government laboratories and 51 industrial companies in the United States. The study expanded the focus of previous research by considering the set of managerial, economic, cultural, and organizational factors as well as the impacts of internal entrepreneurship — in both the public laboratories and private industry. The study also contributed to the literature on internal entrepreneurship by expanding and empirically testing the integrative concept of intrapreneurship. The results show that internal entrepreneurship of the scientific and technical workforce in both types of organizations is the most powerful predictor of commercialization and technology transfer in the public–private cooperation. Other factors found to impact the success of the commercialization effort are senior management support and a culture that encourages cooperation across organizational boundaries. This paper contributes to the state of knowledge in that it establishes empirically that the incentives most likely to work to improve cooperation between public and private technology organizations are those that create a supportive environment for internal entrepreneurs within these organizations, rather than a basket of the usual incentives designed to foster a specific behavior. These findings also contribute to the making of technology policy in developed countries as well as in the emerging world, where the need to encourage cooperation between public and private technology enterprise is increasingly recognized as a powerful economic and technological foundation for growth and prosperity.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT DEBT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Taras MARSHALOK ◽  
Ivanna MOROZ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Introduction. An increase in public debt may have a negative, neutral or positive impact on the country's economic development. A big loan does not mean big growth; it all depends on how the public money is spent. The same amount of money spent by governments from dif­ferent countries has a different meaning for domestic development and the dynamics of public debt. The reasons are differences in the size of GDP, the structure of government borrowings, the shadow economy. Purpose. The objective of this paper is to deepen the theoretical backgrounds and applied aspects of influence of the public debt on the economic development of the country. Methods. In the research process, a set of research methods and approaches were used: systemic, structural-functional, comparisons and others. Results. The problem of a high level of public debt is acute in many countries throughout the world, including Ukraine. Nobody can say for sure whether a high public debt holds back the country's economic development. Theoretically, economically weaker countries, having regard to the financial constraints and economic needs, should have a higher level of public debt in relation to GDP than countries with high levels of development. However, comparing the data on the ratio of public debt and GDP in the EU, it can be noted the following: the higher indicators in the more developed countries of the EU. The latter, in fact, are the largest lenders of the world economy and at the same time have the largest volumes of the public debt both in absolute terms and in relation to GDP. As a result of the unsatisfactory financial state of the public sector, household saving goes to the repayment of the higher-level commitments, and not for the financing of the development of companies. This is especially problematic if we look at the situation of future generations – they will have less capital at their disposal. Public debt is a reduction in future revenues; hence, it is an intergenerational problem. Conclusions. It is possible to make proposals that will have a significant impact on the growth of the economy and the reduction of the public debt: – internal borrowing but not the external loans are economically justified. In this case, the debts do not increase the money base and the turnover of funds is carried out within the state; – entrepreneurship requires the systematic and consistent support that will stimulate the economic development, which needs stable business conditions in the long run.

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