scholarly journals The nonparasitic phase of Dermacentor nitens under field conditions in southeastern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Bahia Labruna ◽  
João Luiz Horácio Faccini
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Larval Hatching ◽  
The Times ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Abstract Dermacentor nitens is a one-host tick that uses domestic equids as main hosts. Herein, the nonparasitic phase of D. nitens was evaluated under field conditions in Pirassununga, São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. By exposing engorged females of D. nitens to field conditions (grass plots) for 24 consecutive months, this tick species was able to complete its nonparasitic phase by producing host-seeking larvae in the pasture throughout the year. Preoviposition and egg incubation periods were longer during autumn and winter months than during the other months. The number of larvae generated by engorged females was in most of the times lower during autumn and winter months, as demonstrated by lower egg hatching values. Such conditions could be linked to lower mean temperatures and rainfall. Larvae with the longest longevity hatched from the eggs with the shortest incubation periods. An apparent synchronism of larval hatching during spring was observed from the eggs laid by females during late winter and autumn, which is consistent with the phenomenon of “spring rise”. The results indicate that D. nitens can complete up to five generations per year in southeastern Brazil, providing baseline data to develop future protocols for the appropriate control of D. nitens on horses.

scholarly journals Jan Chryzostom objaśnia "Hymn o miłości" [1Kor 13] (In I Epistolam ad Corinthios hom. 33-34)

Vox Patrum ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-315
Author(s):  
Jan Iluk
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
The Road ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
Christian Love ◽  
The Times ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Church

In 1CorHom, edited in the autumn and winter of 392 and 393 AD, John Chrysostom found a natural opportunity to return to his numerous utterances on the role of love in the lives of people. Obviously, the opportunity was the 13“ chapter of this Letter - The Song of Love. Among his works, we will find a few more smali works which were created with the intention of outlining the Christian ideał of love. Many of the contemporary monographs which were devoted to the ancient understanding of Christian „love” have the phrase „Eros and Agape” in their titles. In contemporary languages, this arrangement extends between sex and love. Both in the times of the Church Fathers (the 4th century AD) and currently, the distance between sex and love is measured by feelings, States and actions which are morę or less refined and noble. The awareness of the existence of many stops over this distance leads to the conviction that our lives are a search for the road to Agape. As many people are looking not so much for a shortcut but for a shorter route, John Chrysostom, like other Church Fathers, declared: the shortest route, because it is the most appropriate for this aim, is to live according to the Christian virtues that have been accumulated by the Christian politeia. There are to be found the fewest torments and disenchantments, although there are sacrifices. Evangelical politeia, the chosen and those who have been brought there will find love) - as a State of existence. In the earthly dimension, however, love appears as a causative force only in the circle of the Christian politeia. Obviously, just as in the heavenly politeia, the Christian politeia on earth is an open circle for everyone. As Chrysostom’s listeners and readers were not only Christians (in the multi-cultural East of the Roman Empire), and as the background of the principles presented in the homilies was the everyday life and customs of the Romans of the time, the ideał - dyam] - was placed by him in the context of diverse imperfections in the rangę and form of the feelings exhibited, which up to this day we still also cali love. It is true that love has morę than one name. By introducing the motif of love - into deliberations on the subject of the Christian politeia, John Chrysostom finds and indicates to the faithful the central force that shaped the ancient Church. This motif fills in the vision of the Heavenly Kingdom, explains to Christians the sense of life that is appropriate to them in the Roman community and explains the principles of organised life within the boundaries of the Church. It can come as no surprise that the result of such a narrative was Chrysostonfs conviction that love is „rationed”: Jews, pagans, Hellenes and heretics were deprived of it. In Chrysostonfs imagination, the Christian politeia has an earthly and a heavenly dimension. In the heavenly politeia, also called by him Chrisfs, the Lord’s or the

scholarly journals Seasonality of Mansonia titillans during dam construction, Biritiba-Mirim, São Paulo State, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Alves D'Avila ◽  
Almério de Castro Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Dam Construction ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Test

A two and a half year survey was conducted at a dam in southeastern Brazil. Shannon Traps were used for sampling. Kruskal-Wallis test showed little relation between rainfall and abundance. The data clearly show three abundance peaks, all of them in the end of the dry season, in consonance with the scarce literature existent. Although Kruskal-Wallis Test did not find a clear preference for the dry season, Pairwise Wilcoxon Rank Test revealed a significant difference between Fall and Spring samples. Ma. titillans population had a peak on late winter/early spring, close to the begin of wet season.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation and Frequency Distribution of Ectoparasites in Crossbreed Cattle in Southeastern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Socorro Ferraz da Costa ◽  
Marcos Pezzi Guimarães ◽  
Walter dos Santos Lima ◽  
Ana Julia Ferraz da Costa ◽  
Elias Jorge Facury Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
The Mean

The aims of this study were to evaluate the seasonal variation and frequency distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Haematobia irritans, and Dermatobia hominis on crossbred heifers under field conditions in the northeast of Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. From November 2007 to September 2009 (23 months), 40 heifers aged 16.6±2.4 months were divided into groups A (1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir) and B (1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir) and had the monthly infestation estimated along with the climatic conditions. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures were 28.5 and 19°C, respectively. The ectoparasites were present on animals in all months of the year. The levels of ticks on the animals were low (3.0±0.2 ticks/animal), with the highest density in midwinter. The temperature was the climatic factor that most influenced the tick levels. The population of H. irritans (13.9±0.3 flies/animal) and D. hominis (1.5±0.2 larvae/animal) on heifers was more influenced by rainfall and exhibited two population peaks during the year. 1/2 Holstein heifers harbored significantly more H. irritans and D. hominis than 1/4 Holstein heifers. The results are discussed considering the most appropriate periods to apply ectoparasiticides and the genetic make-up of the animals.

scholarly journals Host-Seeking Behavior and Dispersal of Triatoma infestans, a Vector of Chagas Disease, under Semi-field Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Castillo-Neyra ◽  
Corentin M. Barbu ◽  
Renzo Salazar ◽  
Katty Borrini ◽  
Cesar Naquira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies. IX.—Biology of the Onion Fly, Delia antiqua (Mg.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Miles
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Delia Antiqua ◽  
Onion Fly ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
The Times ◽  
Autumn And Winter

SummaryThe Onion Fly (Delia antiqua (Mg.)) was bred at Wye, Kent, under insectary and laboratory conditions to obtain further information on its biology and reactions to various temperatures.A comparison of the times of emergence of overwintering generations of Onion Fly and Cabbage Root Fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) in an insectary showed that the former emerged consistently about a month later than the latter. This supported the observations of previous workers that the Onion Fly was not active in the field until late May.A diet containing protein was necessary for oviposition. The length of the preoviposition period was affected by temperature. Flies maintained at 25°C. laid eggs in 10–24 days, with an average of 15 days. At spring and summer laboratory temperatures (12–29°C.) the preoviposition period was 10–25 days, with an average of 15 days; and in autumn and winter (11–20°) it was 11–46 days with an average of 21 days. Flies maintained at 6–8° did not lay eggs.Flies in captivity laid up to 123 eggs at the rate of 1–45 per day. Intervals between batches of eggs varied from 1–9 days, and the oviposition period was 7–25 days. Flies lived up to 6 days after oviposition.The incubation period depended on the temperature. Eggs at 25°C. hatched in 2 days; at 20° in 3–4 days; at 15° in 4–6 days; and at 7–10° in 9–14 days.The temperature also affected the duration of larval and pupal stages. At 25°C. the successive larval stadia required 2, 2 and 5–9 days, respectively. Lowering the temperature increased the time for development until at 9–11° the three larval stadia required 8–12, 8–18 and 24–37 days, respectively. At 25° the pupal stage lasted 12–17 days; at 20° it was 16–25 days, and at 15° it was from 35 days to over a year. At 25–30° the development from egg to adult was completed in 25 days; at 25° it required 28 days; at 22–27°, 30 days; at 19–24°, 33 days.At 25°C. the Onion Fly bred continuously without diapause. When larvae were reared at temperatures below about 18° pupal development was often retarded. Pupae formed from larvae reared at 12–18° and maintained at approximately that temperature, required 94–442 days to complete their development. By raising the temperature of pupae formed from larvae reared below 18°, it was demonstrated that a true diapause had been induced. Of 54 pupae raised to 25°, 8 (15%) completed their development in the expected time (13–16 days) and 46 (85%) required 94–208 days. Of 322 pupae formed from larvae reared in an insectary in May and June at 10–18° and exposed to July temperatures of 13–20°, 37 (11%) emerged in 25–35 days and 252 (78%) required 234–294 days. Similarly, of 283 pupae formed from larvae reared at 12–21° and exposed to a temperature of 15–23°, 30 (11%) completed their development in 21–31 days while 253 (89%) required 118–341 days. Exposure to low temperatures was not necessary to terminate pupal diapause.

Nitrogen fertiliser use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt Lofty Ranges, SouthAustralia. 2. Responses of perennial grasses, Tama ryegrass, andsod-sown oats to nitrogen fertiliser and cutting frequency

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Elliott ◽  
R. J. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Two series of experiments were conducted in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, to examine, in a grass–subterranean clover pasture, the contribution of the companion grass to herbage mass and the responsiveness to the application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The first study examined the responsiveness, to a single rate of N, of grass–clover pastures containing either Tama ryegrass, sod-sown oats or 1 of 4 perennial grasses, viz. Victorian perennial ryegrass, Demeter fescue, Currie cocksfoot or Australian phalaris. These were compared in 2 experiments, under 3��different cutting frequencies at 3 periods during the growing season. In the other study, consisting of 12�experiments, the response to increasing rate of N fertiliser application of sod-sown oats or the existing pasture were compared over a 3-month period following N fertiliser application in autumn.In autumn and winter, all pastures responded significantly to N fertiliser, whereas in spring, the proportion of clover in each pasture and its growth determined whether or not there was a response to N fertiliser. Clover composition of pastures declined with N application, but clover was not eliminated from swards by application of 210 kg N/ha a year. In both series of experiments, pastures that established well with a high density of sod-sown oats out-yielded all other pastures in autumn and winter, whether the swards were unfertilised or received regular N fertiliser applications. In late winter, pastures sod-sown with Tama ryegrass yielded as well as the pasture sod-sown with oats, and enhanced spring growth significantly compared with perennial ryegrass. However, spring production of Tama ryegrass was poorer than that of perennial ryegrass, and overall no increase in annual production occurred. Of the perennial grasses, the highest yielding when N fertiliser was applied were Currie cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass (yielding in autumn), phalaris (winter), and perennial ryegrass and Demeter fescue (spring). Increased cutting frequency depressed the herbage mass response to N fertiliser following the initial application, but increased herbage N concentration of all pastures and also increased the final clover composition of N-fertilised pasture of 4�pasture types.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness, Deacclimation Kinetics, and Bud Development among 12 Diverse Blueberry Genotypes under Field Conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Rowland ◽  
Elizabeth L. Ogden ◽  
Mark K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
Bryan Vinyard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Woody Perennials

Deacclimation response is an important part of reproductive success in woody perennials because late winter or early spring thaws followed by hard freezes can cause severe injury to dehardened flower buds. There is a need to develop more spring-frost tolerant cultivars for the blueberry (Vaccinium L.) industry. The identification of later or slower deacclimating genotypes could be useful in breeding for more spring-frost tolerant cultivars. This study was undertaken to investigate cold hardiness and deacclimation kinetics under field conditions for 12 Vaccinium (section Cyanococcus A. Gray) genotypes (the cultivars Bluecrop, Duke, Legacy, Little Giant, Magnolia, Northcountry, Northsky, Ozarkblue, Pearl River, Tifblue, and Weymouth; and a population of V. constablaei Gray) with different germplasm compositions and expected mid-winter bud hardiness levels. Examination of bud cold hardiness (BCH) vs. weeks of deacclimation over a 7-week period in 2 consecutive years (2002 and 2003) revealed clear genotypic differences in cold hardiness and timing and rate of deacclimation. Among cultivars, `Legacy' was the least cold hardy at initial evaluation, even less so than `Tifblue'. Regarding deacclimation kinetics, the weekly intervals with the largest losses (i.e., high rates of deacclimation) also varied among genotypes. For `Duke', the largest losses in BCH were detected at weeks 2 and 3, making it the earliest deacclimator. For `Bluecrop', `Ozarkblue', `Weymouth', `Tifblue', and `Legacy', the greatest losses in BCH were observed at weeks 3 and 4. For `Little Giant', `Magnolia', `Northcountry', `Northsky', and `Pearl River', losses in BCH were greatest at weeks 4 and 5, while for V. constablaei, losses were greatest at weeks 6 and 7, making it the latest deacclimator. Deacclimation kinetics were not correlated with mid-winter hardiness or chilling requirements in any fixed pattern. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was found between BCH and stage of bud opening (r = 0.84). A comparison of timing of deacclimation with germplasm composition indicated that V. constablaei was particularly late to deacclimate. `Little Giant', a 50:50 hybrid of V. constablaei and V. ashei Reade, was nearly as late to deacclimate as the 100% V. constablaei selections. Thus, V. constablaei may be useful in breeding programs to contribute genes for late deacclimation, which should translate into greater spring frost tolerance, in addition to genes for mid-winter hardiness.

scholarly journals Seed dormancy and germination in Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense, a perennial herb in China with post-dispersal embryo growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Ye-Fang Li ◽  
Jie Song ◽  
Wen-Ling Guan ◽  
Feng-Rong Li
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Seed Dormancy And Germination

Seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense, which is native to China, has underdeveloped embryos when dispersed from parent plants that did not grow until the second autumn and winter after exposure to summer temperatures. Radicles and cotyledons emerged in late winter and spring. Thus, a 15–16 month period was required from dispersal to seed germination. Under laboratory conditions, this period could be shortened to 5–6 months in a 25°C/15°C (60 days) → 15°C/5°C (60 days) → 5°C (60 days) temperature sequence. Based on dormancy-breaking requirements, the seeds have deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). This is practical knowledge for propagation of the species from seeds.

Availability to grazing sheep of gastrointestinal nematode infection arising from summer contamination of pastures

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Donald ◽  
FHW Morley ◽  
PJ Waller ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
JR Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Clover Pasture

In two successive years, separate phalaris-subterranean clover pasture plots near Canberra were contaminated with nematode eggs by grazing with naturally infected sheep in each of the summer months (December, January, February) and the first month of autumn (March). At intervals until mid- to late winter, the availability of infection on pasture was estimated by grazing with worm-free 'tracer' lambs which were subsequently slaughtered for worm counts. Summer rainfall in both years was above average. Tracer counts of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus spp. per l08 eggs per hectare remained high during summer, with evidence that migration of larvae to the herbage could continue for at least 2 months after contamination. Rates of decline in tracer worm counts over the autumn and winter did not differ between years, and from an assumed maximum 2 months after contamination in each of the summer months, were fastest from December and slowest from February contamination. These rates were similar for all genera on December-contaminated plots, but on January and February plots, Ostertagia spp. declined more slowly. H. contortus numbers fell sharply in early autumn to be low by the end of May. By mid July there would be few larvae of all genera available on pastures contaminated in December and January, but this is less certain on February-contaminated pastures, especially for Ostertagia spp. Implications for the control of nematode infections in sheep by anthelmintic treatment and grazing management are considered.

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