scholarly journals Critical Review of Earth-Abundant Borides and Phosphides for Water Electrolysis: Transition from the Lab to the Market

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Serov ◽  
Kirill Kovnir ◽  
Michael Shatruk ◽  
Yury V. Kolen’ko
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Electronic Structures ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Platinum Group Metals ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Materials Used

To combat the global problem of CO2 emissions, H2 is the desired energy vector for the transition to environmentally benign fuel cell power. Water electrolysis (WE) is the major technology for sustainable H2 production. Despite the use of renewable solar and wind power as sources of electricity, one of the main barriers for the widespread implementation of WE is the scarcity and high cost of platinum-group metals (PGMs) that are used to catalyze the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Hence, the critical PGM-based catalysts must be replaced with more sustainable alternatives for WE technologies to become commercially viable. This critical review describes the state-of-the-art PGM-free materials used in the WE application. Several emerging classes of HER and OER catalysts are reviewed and detailed structureproperty correlations are comprehensively summarized. The influence of the crystallographic and electronic structures, morphology, and bulk and surface chemistry of the catalysts on the activity towards OER and HER is discussed.

Structure-property relationships of PE/PP sandwiched films

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
J. Petermann ◽  
G. Broza ◽  
U. Rieck ◽  
A. Jaballah ◽  
A. Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Oriented Films ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Polymer Laminates ◽  
Heated Glass

Oriented overgrowth of polymer materials onto ionic crystals is well known and recently it was demonstrated that this epitaxial crystallisation can also occur in polymer/polymer systems, under certain conditions. The morphologies and the resulting physical properties of such systems will be presented, especially the influence of epitaxial interfaces on the adhesion of polymer laminates and the mechanical properties of epitaxially crystallized sandwiched layers.Materials used were polyethylene, PE, Lupolen 6021 DX (HDPE) and 1810 D (LDPE) from BASF AG; polypropylene, PP, (PPN) provided by Höchst AG and polybutene-1, PB-1, Vestolen BT from Chemische Werke Hüls. Thin oriented films were prepared according to the method of Petermann and Gohil, by winding up two different polymer films from two separately heated glass-plates simultaneously with the help of a motor driven cylinder. One double layer was used for TEM investigations, while about 1000 sandwiched layers were taken for mechanical tests.

scholarly journals Evaluating the materials used for hydrogen production based on photoelectrochemical technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammdreza Nazemzadegan ◽  
Roghayeh Ghasempour
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Selection Approach ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Pec Water Splitting

Hydrogen as a CO2-free fuel has been considered as a serious alternative for problematic fossil fuels in recent decades Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a developing solar-based technology for hydrogen production. In this study, some possible options for upgrading this technology from R&D stage to prototype stage through a material selection approach is investigated. For these purpose, TOPSIS algorithm through a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was utilized for evaluating different (PEC)-based hydrogen production materials. TiO2, WO3 and BiVO4 as three semiconductors known for their PEC application, were selected as alternatives in this decision-making study. After defining a set of criteria, which were assessed based on similar studies and experts' visions, a group of ten PEC-experts including university professors and PhD students were asked to fill the questionnaires. The eight criteria considered in this study are include "Study Cost", "Synthesis Simplicity", "Facility & Availability", "Deposition capability on TCO", "Modifiability", "Commercialization in H2 production", "Physical and Chemical Durability" and "Eco-friendly Fabrication". The final TOPSIS results indicates that TiO2 is selected as the best semiconductor for further investments in order to upgrade the PEC-based hydrogen production technology from R&D level to prototype stage. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (18) ◽  
pp. 6570-6597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Li ◽  
Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Photoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Organic Nanoparticles ◽  
Aggregation Induced Emission ◽  
Property Relationship ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Encapsulated Nanoparticles

In this Critical Review, we summarize the latest advances in the development of polymer encapsulated nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers and fluorogens with aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics, elucidate the importance of matrix selection and structure–property relationship of these nanoparticles and discuss their applications in fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

Modulation of electronic structures in two-dimensional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (80) ◽  
pp. 11910-11930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Xie ◽  
Jindi Qi ◽  
Fengcai Lei ◽  
Yi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Electronic Structures ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Two Dimensional

The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has attracted substantial attention owing to its important role in realizing economic and sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis.

scholarly journals Using nature’s blueprint to expand catalysis with Earth-abundant metals

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6505) ◽  
pp. eabc3183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Morris Bullock ◽  
Jingguang G. Chen ◽  
Laura Gagliardi ◽  
Paul J. Chirik ◽  
Omar K. Farha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
Platinum Group Metals ◽  
Catalytic Reactions ◽  
Redox Transformations ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

Numerous redox transformations that are essential to life are catalyzed by metalloenzymes that feature Earth-abundant metals. In contrast, platinum-group metals have been the cornerstone of many industrial catalytic reactions for decades, providing high activity, thermal stability, and tolerance to chemical poisons. We assert that nature’s blueprint provides the fundamental principles for vastly expanding the use of abundant metals in catalysis. We highlight the key physical properties of abundant metals that distinguish them from precious metals, and we look to nature to understand how the inherent attributes of abundant metals can be embraced to produce highly efficient catalysts for reactions crucial to the sustainable production and transformation of fuels and chemicals.

Environmentally benign enhanced H2 production from abundant copious waste H2S using size tuneable cubic bismuth (Bi0) quantum dots–GeO2 glass photocatalyst under solar light

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay K. Apte ◽  
Sunil N. Garaje ◽  
Sonali D. Naik ◽  
Rupali P. Waichal ◽  
Bharat B. Kale
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Solar Light ◽  
Geo2 Glass

scholarly journals Iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 2848-2893
Author(s):  
Austin Pounder ◽  
William Tam
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metal ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Coupling Reactions ◽  
Domino Reactions ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Metal Catalysis ◽  
Iron Catalysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Indispensable Tool

The development of environmentally benign, inexpensive, and earth-abundant metal catalysts is desirable from both an ecological and economic standpoint. Certainly, in the past couple decades, iron has become a key player in the development of sustainable coupling chemistry and has become an indispensable tool in organic synthesis. Over the last ten years, organic chemistry has witnessed substantial improvements in efficient synthesis because of domino reactions. These protocols are more atom-economic, produce less waste, and demand less time compared to a classical stepwise reaction. Although iron-catalyzed domino reactions require a mindset that differs from the more routine noble-metal, homogenous iron catalysis they bear the chance to enable coupling reactions that rival that of noble-metal-catalysis. This review provides an overview of iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems. The classifications and reactivity paradigms examined should assist readers and provide guidance for the design of novel domino reactions.

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