Accuracy of Anthropometric Measurements: Past, Present, and Future

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie G. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Experience, based on anthropometric examination of over 1000 children with facial syndromes and more than 2400 healthy subjects of both sexes and various ages, has led me to diverge in some points from the more usual views found in the physical anthropologic literature. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major controversial topics associated with anthropometric measurement. These include the problems associated with formation of a representative population sample, the relative validity of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, the interpretation of intraobserver and interobserver testings, and the questionable judgments of mensurative skill in clinical practice. The factors influencing the accuracy of anthropometric measurements, definitions of both the consistent and less reliable measurements, and the duration of validity of anthropometric normative data are also discussed.

scholarly journals Dysfunctional Adiposity Index as a Useful Clinical Tool for Early Identification of Adipose Tissue Morpho-Functional Abnormalities and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Apparently Healthy Subjects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Reyes-Barrera ◽  
Victor H. Sainz-Escárrega ◽  
Aida X. Medina-Urritia ◽  
Esteban Jorge-Galarza ◽  
Horacio Osorio-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adiposity Index ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract BackgroundCompared to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and adiposity measurements, adipose tissue morpho-functionality evaluations are more consistent predictors of cardiometabolic abnormalities. However, these evaluations require determination of adipokines and other non-routine biochemical parameters, which is not feasible in clinical practice. The present study establishes dysfunctional adiposity index (DAI) as a simple, accessible, and reliable marker of early adipocytes morpho-functional abnormalities and cardiometabolic diseases.MethodsTo establish the DAI constant parameters, 340 subjects (134 males and 206 females) without cardiovascular risk factors were selected from a cross-sectional study. Then, DAI was calculated in 36 healthy subjects who underwent subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy, for whom adipocytes number and size, body composition, circulating adipokines, glucose, insulin, and lipids were also determined. The correlation of DAI with adipocyte morphology (size/number of adipocytes) and functionality (adiponectin/leptin ratio) was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to define the optimal DAI cut-off point to identify metabolic abnormalities. Finally, the independent association of DAI with cardiometabolic abnormalities was determined in 1418 subjects from the cross-sectional study through multivariate analyses.ResultsThe constant parameters to calculate the DAI were [WC/[22.79+[2.68*BMI]]]*[triglycerides (TG, mmol/L)/1.37]*[1.19/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, mmol/L)] for males, and [WC/[24.02+[2.37*BMI]]]*[TG(mmol/L)/1.32]*[1.43/HDL-C(mmol/L)] for females. In subjects underwent biopsy, DAI correlated with adipocytes mean area (r=0.358; p=0.032), adipocyte number (r=-0.381; p=0.024), adiponectin/leptin ratio (r=-0.483; p=0.003), and systemic inflammation markers. Compared to BMI, WC, and visceral fat, DAI was the only determination associated with insulin resistance (area under the curve: 0.743; p = 0.017). In the cross-sectional study, DAI ≥1.065 was independently associated with diabetes (OR: 1.96; 95%CI: 1.36-2.84), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (OR: 2.57; 95%CI: 1.98-3.33), subclinical atherosclerosis (OR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.02-2.94), and hypertension (OR: 1.44; 95%CI: 1.10-1.88).ConclusionsThe present study establishes the constant parameters to calculate the DAI and highlights that a DAI ≥ 1.065 is associated with early cardiometabolic abnormalities independently of adiposity and other risk factors. Since DAI is calculated using accessible parameters routinely used in the clinic, this indicator can be easily incorporated in clinical practice for the early identification of adipose tissue abnormalities in apparently healthy subjects.

scholarly journals The physical characteristics and anthropometric measurements among different gestational age of newborn infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Roy ◽  
Ajit Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Prema Ram Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Term Newborns

Background: Prematurity or short gestational age is associated with increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. In low income or developing countries precise gestational age is still frequently not known and making the identification of premature newborns is not easy. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics and anthropometric measurements to estimate gestational age of newborn infants.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we included 90 pregnant women, 27 were preterm with gestational age 28-36 weeks, 55 were term with gestational age 37-41 weeks and remaining 8 were post term with gestational age 42-43 weeks. After normal delivery the physical characteristics and anthropometric measurements were recorded in all 90 singleton live newborns. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS windows version 20.0 software.Results: The physical characteristics namely sole creases, ear firmness, skin texture, skull firmness, hair texture and anterior Fontenelle were well developed in term and post term newborns as compared pre term newborns babies. All the anthropometric measurements such as length of infants, birth weight, head circumference, chest circumference and crown rump length were significantly higher in newborns of post term (p<0.0001) and term (p<0.001) groups as compared to newborns in preterm group.Conclusions: It is concluded from this study that the physical characteristics and anthropometric measurements in generally have increased with the advancement of gestational age. Hence, physical characteristics and anthropometric measurement can be used to estimate the gestational age of newborn babies.

scholarly journals Stunting and Wasting Among Children 0-59 Months of Age in Zambézia and Nampula Provinces of Mozambique: An Assessment of Population-Based Survey Results Against Global Targets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann F. Green ◽  
Carole J. Wilson ◽  
Lazaro Gonzalez-Calvo ◽  
Leslie Pierce ◽  
Diana Quelhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Survey Results

Abstract Background: The number of undernourished children worldwide has increased by 45 million since 1990. In Mozambique, Zambézia and Nampula Provinces carry a heavy burden of infectious diseases, as well as high rates of stunting and wasting. Mozambique developed a Multisectoral Action Plan for the Reduction of Stunting (2011–2014) that aimed to reduce the national prevalence of stunting to 20% by 2020, but little is documented of its impact on childhood stunting since the 2011 DHS survey.Methods: Cross-sectional data from a population-based household-level survey was collected between February and July 2019, among heads of households ≥ 15 years of age in Zambézia and Nampula Provinces. The survey tool was a 500-item questionnaire covering domains related to household health and economics, with a special emphasis on maternal and child health, nutrition and WASH and the collection of anthropometric measurements in children 0-59 months. Children were assessed for Stunting and Wasting according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. SurveyToGo software was used for developing the data collection form, gathering data on mobile devices and sending securely to a server. Descriptive statistics were calculated for continuous variables as median with interquartile range and for categorical variables as percentages. The significance level for all testing was two-sided, set at 0.05.Results: A total of 3,937 households were included in our analysis, including anthropometric measurements of 5,423 children under five. Nearly half (45%, n=2,460) of all children assessed met the criteria for stunting, with a higher prevalence in Nampula Province (51%, n=1,180) than Zambézia Province (41%, n=1,280). Four percent of children met the criteria for wasting in both provinces with children aged 6-11-months having the highest wasting prevalence overall (7%).Conclusions: Based on survey results using highly standardized anthropometric measurement methods, these two provinces are on track to meet international 2025 targets for reduction in wasting in children under 5 years. However, stunting prevalence over time in both provinces has maintained at 40-50% with no clear evidence of decline since 2003. It is doubtful the related Sustainable Development Goal targets will be reached unless a focused multi-sectoral approach is employed and closely monitored.

scholarly journals Repeatability of Aberrometry-Based Automated Subjective Refraction in Healthy and Keratoconus Subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Carracedo ◽  
Carlos Carpena-Torres ◽  
Cristina Pastrana ◽  
Ana Privado-Aroco ◽  
María Serramito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity

Purpose. To compare the intersession repeatability of the Eye Refract, a new instrument to perform aberrometry-based automated subjective refraction, on healthy and keratoconus subjects. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional and randomized study was performed. A total of 64 participants were evaluated in the study, selecting one eye per participant randomly. The sample was divided into two different groups: 33 healthy subjects (38.85 ± 13.21 years) and 31 with keratoconus (37.29 ± 11.37 years). Three refractions per participant with the Eye Refract were performed on three different days, without cycloplegia. The repeatability analysis of refractive variables (M, J0, and J45), binocular corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), and spent time in refraction was performed in terms of repeatability (Sr), its 95% confidence interval (r), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results. There were no statistically significant differences ( P ≥ 0.05 ) between sessions in both groups for all refractive variables (M, J0, and J45) and BCDVA. Spent time in refraction was reduced as the sessions went by ( P < 0.05 ). The Eye Refract was more repeatable for refractive errors assessment in healthy subjects (M : Sr = 0.27 D; J0 : Sr = 0.09 D; J45 : Sr = 0.06 D) compared to those with keratoconus (M : Sr = 0.65 D; J0 : Sr = 0.29 D; J45 : Sr = 0.24 D), while it was similar for BCDVA. Conclusions. The Eye Refract offered better repeatability to assess refractive errors in healthy subjects compared to those with keratoconus. Despite measurements being also consistent in keratoconus subjects, they should be treated with caution in clinical practice.

Factors influencing the use of thromboprophylaxis in cancer outpatients: CAT AXIS, a case-vignette study on clinical practice.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18276-e18276
Author(s):  
Florian Scotte ◽  
Ismail Elalamy ◽  
Didier Mayeur ◽  
Guy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vte Prophylaxis ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Case Vignettes

e18276 Background: Data on long-term venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in cancer outpatients remain scarce. Our objective was to describe clinical practice and to identify factors influencing the use of thromboprophylaxis. Methods: CAT AXIS was a multicenter cross-sectional study based on the completion of physician-profile questionnaires and the assessment of 10 e-mailed credible clinical scenarios of lung, colon and breast cancer by each of participants using the case-vignettes validated method. Results: A total of 224 physicians participated allowing the completion and the analysis of 2,085 reviewed case vignettes corresponding to 765, 703 and 617 fictive clinical scenarios on lung, colon and breast cancers, respectively. The overall rate of thromboprophylaxis was 680/2085 (32.6%) among participants with a comparable proportion for the three types of cancer. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was the most frequently used, by 92.7%, 93.8% and 83.9% of participants for lung, colon and breast cancer, respectively; treatment duration of ≥ 3 months was prescribed by 74.4% of participants. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing thromboprophylaxis based on patient’s characteristics is summarized in the table. Conclusions: In the absence of clear guidance, the use of thromboprophylaxis remains low and rather empiric even though the selection of LMWH by the majority of participants and treatment duration seems appropriate based on available data to date. ECOG index, metastatic malignancy, chemotherapy and history of thrombosis were significantly associated with the decision to use thromboprophylaxis in most situations. [Table: see text]

Abstract 18091: Growth and Puberty in Fontan Survivors (GAPS study): A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaji C Menon ◽  
Angela P Presson ◽  
Brian McCrindle ◽  
David J Goldberg ◽  
Ritu Sachdeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fontan Patients

Introduction: Chronic diseases may result in growth impairment and delayed puberty that contribute to psychosocial maladjustment. There are no data on the prevalence of short stature or delayed puberty in children and adolescents after Fontan operation, a cohort characterized by chronic low cardiac output. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 299 Fontan patients (8-18 years) from 11 Pediatric Heart Network centers. We collected demographic data, anthropometric measurements and Tanner stage using a validated self-assessment questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and pubertal stage were compared to United States normative data. Short stature was defined as height <5% and abnormal BMI as <5% or >95%. Delayed puberty was defined as failure to reach a stage of development at an age greater than the median age in the subsequent Tanner stage. Comparisons were made between study population and contemporary normal population data. Results: Of the 299 subjects [42% female, median age at enrollment 13.9 years (IQR: 11.3, 16.1)], 98 (33%) had hypoplastic left ventricle and 24 (8%) had heterotaxy syndrome. Median age at Fontan was 3 years (IQR: 2, 4). PLE was present in 16 subjects (5%). Fontan survivors had a higher prevalence of short stature relative to normative data (20% vs. 5%, p<0.0001) and an increased prevalence of abnormal BMI (18% vs. 10%, p<0.0001). Abnormal BMI were split between low BMI (43%) and high BMI (57%). Both males (58%) and females (58%) had delay in ≥1 Tanner stage parameter with at least 2 yr differences between Fontan patients and population norms for most parameters (Figure). Conclusion: Compared to the normal population, Fontan survivors have a 4-fold increase in the prevalence of short stature and nearly 2 fold abnormality in in BMI. Delayed puberty was common in both genders. As these factors may have a negative psychosocial impact, routine screening and management of short stature and delayed puberty should be a priority in Fontan survivors.

The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS): Normative Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1228-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Fabricant ◽  
Joash R. Suryavanshi ◽  
Jacob G. Calcei ◽  
Robert G. Marx ◽  
Roger F. Widmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Special Surgery ◽  
Hospital For Special Surgery

Background: Recent data have shown an increase in youth sports participation at younger ages, which may be linked to greater musculoskeletal injury risk. The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) is a validated 8-item instrument designed to quantify the activity of children between 10 and 18 years old. Normative data on pediatric and adolescent activity level are unknown. Purpose: To establish normative activity-level data for American youth and to determine if there is a natural decrease in activity level during adolescence. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was performed among 2002 US children and adolescents equally split by sex and age and representing census-weighted distributions of state of residency, race/ethnicity, and health insurance status. Respondents completed the HSS Pedi-FABS, as well as survey questions on demographics and sports participation. Normative data were reported with descriptive statistics. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine if there was an effect of age on activity level during adolescence. Results: A total of 2002 respondents completed the survey; the mean age of the respondents at the time of survey completion was 14.0 ± 2.6 years. Mean weekly amount of reported physical activity was 9.3 ± 8.4 hours. HSS Pedi-FABS scores were normally distributed with a mean of 15.4 ± 8.5 points (out of 30 possible points). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in HSS Pedi-FABS activity scores with increasing age ( r = −0.175, P < .001), corresponding to a linear decrease in activity scores by 27% on average from age 10 to 18 years. Conclusion: The current study provides baseline normative data for activity level in a census-weighted representative population sample of 2002 American youth through the use of a validated activity score (HSS Pedi-FABS). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in activity scores with increasing age. These results will aid future research by providing normative, representative population-level activity data and will help to quantify the natural rate of decreased activity during adolescence.

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