Proposal for an Expanded Distichlis (Poaceae, Chloridoideae): Support from Molecular, Morphological, and Anatomical Characters

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester L. Bell ◽  
Travis J. Columbus
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Dispersal Events

The Distichlis clade comprises Distichlis (7 species), Monanthochloë (2), and Reederochloa (1). All species except D. distichophylla (endemic to Australia) and D. spicata (widespread in the New World) are restricted either to North or South America. We investigated phylogenetic relationships within the clade using chloroplast (trnL–F and ndhF) and nuclear ribosomal (internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S) DNA sequences. We also studied lemma micromorphology, leaf blade anatomy, macromorphology, and biogeography in a phylogenetic context. The Distichlis clade is strongly supported in the molecular analyses. A morphological synapomorphy for the clade is the presence of a single papilla on the center of each subsidiary cell of lemma stomata. Other diagnostic features include dioecy, rhizomes or stolons, conspicuously distichous leaves, 5–13 lemma nerves, dumbbell- or flask-shaped bicellular microhairs with sunken basal cells, and growth in alkaline or saline soils. The nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies indicate that Monanthochloë and Reederochloa are nested within a paraphyletic Distichlis, and a number of structural characters, including leaf blade length, number of spikelets per inflorescence, and number of florets per spikelet, also fall within the range of variation in Distichlis. Therefore, we propose expanding the circumscription of Distichlis to include Monanthochloë and Reederochloa, and make the following new combinations: Distichlis acerosa, D. eludens, and D. littoralis. Biogeographical analysis revealed that the group likely originated in North America followed by a number of long-distance dispersal events, including back dispersals.

scholarly journals The utility of Bambusoideae (Poaceae, Poales) leaf blade anatomy for identification and systematics

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Leandro ◽  
R. T. Shirasuna ◽  
T. S. Filgueiras ◽  
V. L. Scatena
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Herbaceous Bamboos ◽  
Stomatal Apparatus ◽  
Woody Bamboos

Abstract Bambusoideae is a diverse subfamily that includes herbaceous (Olyreae) and woody (Arundinarieae and Bambuseae) bamboos. Species within Bambusae are particularly difficult to identify due to their monocarpic lifecycle and the often long durations between mass flowering events; whereas the herbaceous bamboos are pluricarpic, but often are found with no reproductive structures. The leaf blade anatomy of 16 sympatric species of native Brazilian bamboos (Olyreae and Bambuseae) from the Atlantic Rainforest was studied in order to detect useful features for their identification. All the studied species share the following features: epidermis with a single stratum of cells; adaxial bulliform cells; mesophyll with arm cells, rosette cells, and fusoid cells; and collateral vascular bundles. Herbaceous bamboos share two features: papillae scattered on the abaxial surface and parallel-sided arrays of bulliform cells; whereas woody bamboos share: centrally organized papillae and fan-shaped arrays of bulliform cells. Also within the woody bamboos, intercostal fibers and a midrib with only one vascular bundle (simple midrib) characterize the subtribe Arthrostylidiinae; whereas a midrib with more than one vascular bundle (complex midrib) and a stomatal apparatus with two pappilae per subsidiary cell characterize the subtribe Chusqueinae. There are also diagnostic features for the sampled species, such as: papillae shape, and the outline and structure of the midrib. An identification key for all the studied species is provided based on the anatomical features.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

Aspergillus affinis sp. nov., a novel ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus species (section Circumdati) isolated from decomposing leaves

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Davolos ◽  
Anna Maria Persiani ◽  
Biancamaria Pietrangeli ◽  
Alessandra Ricelli ◽  
Oriana Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Gene ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Two ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Aspergillus isolates, recently collected from submerged riparian decomposing leaves in Italy, were found to have a similar morphology to Aspergillus cretensis (subgenus Circumdati, section Circumdati). However, marked differences emerged between these two novel isolates and A. cretensis as the former displayed different colony features and had larger vesicles, metulae, phialides and conidia, as well as a distinct sclerotial form and size. In order to determine the taxonomic status and to infer the evolutionary relationships of these two morphologically identical isolates, a molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed on all the officially recognized lineages in the section Circumdati. The DNA sequences and the deduced amino acid residues from the nuclear loci were analysed. Both rRNA and protein coding genes were assessed, which are widely used to differentiate taxa belonging to genus Aspergillus at various evolutionary levels. The 5.8S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA gene, a region of the tubulin beta chain gene (benA) and part of the calmodulin gene (cmd) were amplified by PCR and then sequenced. The analysis of the rRNA regions and of the benA and cmd sequence data indicated that the two isogenic isolates belonged to a genetically distinct OTA-producing species of the genus Aspergillus. The isolates are proposed as representing a novel species, Aspergillus affinis sp. nov., with the type strain ATCC MYA-4773T ( = CBS 129190 = 417). Phylogenetically, A. affinis sp. nov. appeared to be very closely related to A. cretensis, from which it could be distinguished by means of a morphological trait analysis.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Balkan Moitessieriidae (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4486 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBASTIAN HOFMAN ◽  
ALEKSANDRA RYSIEWSKA ◽  
ARTUR OSIKOWSKI ◽  
JOZEF GREGO ◽  
BORIS SKET ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Type ◽  
A Site ◽  
Subterranean Waters

The family Moitessieriidae includes minute dioecious gastropods exclusively inhabiting subterranean waters, including thermal ones. Only empty shells were collected in most species, the vast majority of them are described from their gross shell morphology alone. Several visits to a site are usually required to obtain at least some living individuals. High variability in shell morphology and the lack of diagnostic features, coupled with anticipated high levels of endemism, has resulted in a long list of nominal moitessierid species. Type specimens stored as empty shells omit unambiguous identification and delimitation of species boundaries. Due to inaccessibility of cave animals and consequent lack of material suitable for molecular analysis, the phylogenetic relationships, as well as the taxonomy of the family at genus/species level, are far from being understood. The anatomy of the family is also poorly known and provided only for a few taxa. The distinctness of the Moitessieriidae has sometimes been questioned, and their monophyly not proved. Twelve species of the Balkan Moitessieriidae are considered: two species of Paladilhiopsis, two species of Bythiospeum, six species of Iglica, Costellina turrita and Lanzaia bosnica. The shell morphology of each species, as well as the reproductive system of Paladilhiopsis and Iglica, were analysed. DNA sequences of nuclear histone H3, ribosomal 18S, ribosomal 28S and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were applied to infer phylogenetic relationships among the taxa. The sequences of Bythiospeum from GenBank have been used to infer relationships between Bythiospeum and Paladilhiopsis that were recently synonymized. Paladilhiopsis and Iglica are distinct, but closely related genera, as is the genus Bythiospeum, which does not occur in the Balkans. Its relationships with both former taxa remain unresolved. The Moitessieriidae are clearly distinct from all other families of the Truncatelloidea, however, their monophyly remains doubtful. 

scholarly journals Phylogenetics of Taxus Using the Internal Transcribed Spacers of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and Plastid trnL-F Regions

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Patricia Coughlan ◽  
James C. Carolan ◽  
Ingrid L. I. Hook ◽  
Lisa Kilmartin ◽  
Trevor R. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Trnl Intron ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Haplotype Networks

Taxus is a genus of trees and shrubs with high value in horticulture and medicine as a source of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. The taxonomy of the group is complex due to the lack of diagnostic morphological characters and the high degree of similarity among species. Taxus has a wide global geographic distribution and some taxonomists recognize only a single species with geographically defined subgroups, whereas others have described several species. To address these differences in taxonomic circumscription, phylogenetic analyses were conducted on DNA sequences using Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian Inference and TCS haplotype networks on single and combined gene regions obtained for the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the plastid trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer. Evidence is presented for the sister group status of Pseudotaxus to Taxus and the inclusion of Amentotaxus, Austrotaxus, Cephalotaxus and Torreya within Taxaceae. Results are consistent with the taxonomic recognition of nine species: T. baccata, T. brevifolia, T. canadensis, T. cuspidata, T. floridana, T. fuana, T. globosa, T. sumatrana and T. wallichiana, but evidence is found for less species distinction and considerable reticulation within the T. baccata, T. canadensis and T. cuspidata group. We compare the results to known taxonomy, biogeography, present new leaf anatomical data and discuss the origins of the hybrids T. ×media and T. ×hunnewelliana.

More Miocene Dispersal Between Africa and Asia—the Case of Bridelia (Phyllanthaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongquan Li ◽  
Stefan Dressler ◽  
Dianxiang Zhang ◽  
Susanne S. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Asian Clade ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Sequences ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Morphological Species ◽  
Combined Data

Several hundred angiosperm genera range from Africa to Asia and Australia, among them Bridelia (Phyllanthaceae), with ca. 40 species, including commercially important timber trees. We here use nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences from herbarium material, plus new collections from China, to test the monophyly of Bridelia and to infer the geologic times when it acquired its disjunct range. For the Southeast Asian mainland, within-species sampling, including material collected close to the type localities, allowed testing current species concepts. Based on a sample of 114 chloroplast matK sequences of Phyllanthaceae, Bridelia is monophyletic and sister to an Asian clade which requires resurrecting an older generic name to make the African Cleistanthus monophyletic. Within Bridelia, gene trees from the combined data (3,177 aligned nucleotides from 25 species of Bridelia plus outgroups) agree with most morphological species boundaries. Exceptions are that B. tomentosa must include B. harmandii and B. curtisii to become monophyletic and that B. fordii is distinct from B. retusa. The topology, together with relaxed clock divergence times, implies that Bridelia dispersed from tropical Asia to Africa once or twice between 10 and 1.85 million years ago (Ma). Australia was reached, probably from New Guinea, at least twice, both times ca. 2 Ma. Together with earlier studies, there are now at least eight cases of Neogene long distance dispersal between Africa and Asia (followed by speciation), with no directional bias apparent so far.

Molecular systematics of Australian Podolepis (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): evidence from DNA sequences of the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast matK gene

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Konishi ◽  
K. Watanabe ◽  
K. Kosuge
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Matk Gene ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Generic Relationships

The generic circumscription and intra-generic relationships of the genus Podolepis Labill., with various chromosome numbers from n = 12 to n = 3, were examined by sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the matK gene of chloroplast DNA. The topology of the ITS tree for 17 species and the matK tree for 18 species of the genus Podolepis sensu Davis (1957) and Anderberg (1991) and 15 taxa from eight related genera (Anderberg 1989, 1991, 1994) are basically concordant. Except for P. georgei Diels andP. kendallii F.Muell., parsimony analyses support the monophyly of the genus Podolepis sensu Davis (1957) and Anderberg (1991). The genera of Asteridea Lindl. and Pterochaeta Steetz are sisters toPodolepis in the combined tree based on the ITS and matK sequences. Within the monophyletic clade of the genus Podolepis, three lineages are identified. The chromosome base number of x = 12 may be ancestral in the genus Podolepis. The dysploidal reduction in chromosome number from n = 12 to n = 10 and 9, from n = 12 to n = 8 and 7, and from n = 12 to n = 11 and 3 in three lineages, respectively, is the primary mode of chromosomal evolution in this genus. Total karyotypic length (= genome size) is much greater in perennials than in annuals within the genus Podolepis. The number of pappus bristles on outer female florets tends to decrease and they are absent in some annuals of this genus, while myxogenic cells on the pericarp become prominent.

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