International Field Trials of Pyrethroid-Treated Wood Exposed to Coptotermes acinaciformis in Australia and Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in China and the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Creffield ◽  
M. Lenz ◽  
D. K. Scown ◽  
T. A. Evans ◽  
J.-H. Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus

WELCOMING REMARKS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-792
Author(s):  
Merritt Low
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Academy ◽  
One Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Job Safety ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
Made In

The American Academy of Pediatrics has long been interested in the control of Childhood Injuries; its first formal committee was the Committee on Accident Prevention. The pediatrician is a primary accident preventer and should indeed have a big stake and commitment here. He is basically a "consumer," yet he must be convinced of the product he uses and in turn passes on. Though he has the humility of an amateur, he is allied with the expert and begs for his help. He sees the great strides made by industry, even in the newly developing area of "off-the-job" safety, and the advances made in the therapeutic but not the prophylactic responsibilities of accident prevention as he surveys the situation. Yet, is he truly convinced? If so, he could do more. We exhort ourselves to immunize our children with a safety vaccine, but is this just borrowed jargon? What are the ingredients of the vaccine? Are they dead or alive? Where are the field trials? Where are the proving figures of effectiveness? A hard look shows us that this number one health problem is not being solved. (I scarcely need remind this group of the statistics and facts: 15,000 children under 15, including 5,000 pre-school children, die of accidents in the United States each year; 15 million children go to doctors for care of accidents in a year; all accidents cost the country over 15 billion dollars a year). In our primary reliance on the tool of "education," we fall victims to the fact-of-life fallacy-if we provide facts we automatically get results.

DSM-5 Field Trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: Test-Retest Reliability of Selected Categorical Diagnoses

2013 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel A. Regier ◽  
William E. Narrow ◽  
Diana E. Clarke ◽  
Helena C. Kraemer ◽  
S. Janet Kuramoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Corroboration That Highly Resistant Impatiens Cultivars Are Not Immune to Downy Mildew Disease: A Report of Crop Losses from Two California Producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-216
Author(s):  
Margery Daughtrey ◽  
Janna Beckerman ◽  
William J. Davis ◽  
Karen Rane ◽  
Jo Anne Crouch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Action Groups ◽  
Downy Mildew Disease

Two new series of Impatiens walleriana (impatiens) cultivars, Beacon and Imara XDR, were released to commercial growers in the United States in 2019 to 2020. Field trials show these new cultivar series are highly resistant to impatiens downy mildew (IDM). However, neither of these two impatiens series are completely immune to the disease, and preventive fungicide programs are still recommended for use throughout production to maintain plant health. Here we report two destructive outbreaks of IDM from Imara XDR in two commercial production facilities in California, one in 2019 and one in 2020. The disease outbreaks were caused by a known rDNA genotype of Plasmopara destructor (synonym = P. obducens). Modified Koch’s postulates showed that the pathogen could infect and cause disease in both Beacon and Imara XDR plants. Mefenoxam applied by both growers may have been ineffective due to resistance in P. destructor populations, which has been demonstrated on several previous occasions. Given these findings, fungicide programs intended to supplement genetic resistance should not be overly reliant upon application of mefenoxam and should utilize effective materials from different mode of action groups, in rotation. Fungicides to supplement genetic resistance are particularly appropriate in frost-free areas or in any circumstances that provide a potential inoculum source.

scholarly journals Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Resistance-Breaking Isolates of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-Y. Liu ◽  
R. T. Lewellen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Polymyxa Betae ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
Resistance Breaking ◽  
Soil Surveys

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is the causal agent of rhizomania in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The virus is transmitted by the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae. The disease is controlled primarily by the use of partially resistant cultivars. During 2003 and 2004 in the Imperial Valley of California, partially resistant sugar beet cultivars with Rz1 allele seemed to be compromised. Field trials at Salinas, CA have confirmed that Rz1 has been defeated by resistance-breaking isolates. Distinct BNYVV isolates have been identified from these plants. Rhizomania-infested sugar beet fields throughout the United States were surveyed in 2004–05. Soil surveys indicated that the resistance-breaking isolates not only existed in the Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley of California but also in Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Oregon. Of the soil samples tested by baited plant technique, 92.5% produced infection with BNYVV in ‘Beta 6600’ (rz1rz1rz1), 77.5% in ‘Beta 4430R’ (Rz1rz1), 45.0% in ‘Beta G017R’ (Rz2rz2), and 15.0% in ‘KWS Angelina’ (Rz1rz1+Rz2rz2). Analyses of the deduced amino acid sequence of coat protein and P-25 protein of resistance-breaking BNYVV isolates revealed the high percentage of identity with non-resistance-breaking BNYVV isolates (99.9 and >98.0%, respectively). The variable amino acids in P-25 proteins were located at the residues of 67 and 68. In the United States, the two amino acids found in the non-resistance-breaking isolates were conserved (AC). The resistance-breaking isolates were variable including, AF, AL, SY, VC, VL, and AC. The change of these two amino acids cannot be depended upon to differentiate resistance-breaking and non-resistance-breaking isolates of BNYVV.

scholarly journals Smooth Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control with Metamifop in Creeping Bentgrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan T. Parker ◽  
J. Scott McElroy ◽  
Michael L. Flessner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Injury Potential

Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) are problematic weeds in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) because of limited herbicide options for postemergence (POST) control and turfgrass injury potential. Metamifop is a herbicide currently being considered for release to markets in the United States but information is lacking on the most effective rates and application timings for smooth crabgrass and goosegrass control in creeping bentgrass. Field trials were conducted in Auburn, AL in 2009 and 2013 to evaluate metamifop rates (200 to 800 g·ha−1) and single or sequential application timings compared with fenoxaprop (51 to 200 g·ha−1) at two different mowing heights. Metamifop applied twice and three times sequentially at 200 g·ha−1 provided the greatest smooth crabgrass (>97%) and goosegrass (>90%) control at rough (1½ inch) and green (1/8 inch) mowing heights without unacceptable creeping bentgrass injury at 56 days after initial treatment. All treatments caused <20% visible injury on creeping bentgrass at both mowing heights except the highest rate of metamifop. Smooth crabgrass control at the green mowing height was greater than at the rough mowing height, especially at lower metamifop rates with a single application.

scholarly journals Comparing Fumigant Retention of Polyethylene Mulches for Nutsedge Control in Florida Spodosols

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Myriam N. Siham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Black Stripe ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Critical Use Exemptions

Although methyl bromide (MBr) has been phased out in developed countries, limited amounts will still be available in the United States for the next few years through critical-use exemptions. Therefore, production practices reducing MBr use are desirable from the grower and environmental standpoints. Fumigation efficacy depends on the duration of fumigants in the soil and mulch permeability; thus, field trials were conducted to compare MBr retention of low- and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE respectively) mulches with seven metallized mulches and virtually impermeable films (VIF) from different manufacturers, and to assess the effect of MBr retention on nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus) control with these mulches. The compared mulches were 1) white VIF; 2) black VIF; 3) white-on-black VIF; 4) cowound VIF, which has a clear nylon layer that covers the bed and is superimposed with a layer of black HDPE mulch; 5) metallized; 6) metallized heat trap with a black stripe on the bed center; 7) metallized with a black stripe on the bed center; 8) black LDPE mulch; and 9) black HDPE mulch. All treatments received 175 lb/acre of MBr + chloropicrin (Pic; 67:33 v/v). A nonfumigated control plot covered with LDPE mulch, and a treatment covered with HDPE mulch and fumigated with 350 lb/acre of MBr + Pic were also established. Nutsedge emergence through mulches increased rapidly beginning 18 days after treatment (DAT). Nutsedge populations at 28 DAT in the nonfumigated control covered with LDPE mulch had the greatest emergence (88.8 plants/ft2), followed by LDPE and HDPE mulches with 175 lb/acre of MBr + Pic (67.0 plants/ft2), HDPE mulch with 350 lb/acre of MBr + Pic (25.0 plants/ft2), and VIF and metallized mulches with 175 lb/acre of MBr + Pic (<2 plants/ft2). There were no significant differences in fumigant retention between the metallized mulches and VIF. These mulches retained 3.7 and 1.8 times more MBr than HDPE and LDPE mulches fumigated with 175 and 350 lb/acre of MBr + Pic, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Quinoxyfen Resistance of Erysiphe necator (Grape Powdery Mildew) in a Single Virginia Vineyard

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2586-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Feng ◽  
Mizuho Nita ◽  
Anton B. Baudoin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Erysiphe Necator ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Grape Powdery Mildew

The protectant fungicide quinoxyfen has been used against grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) in the United States since 2003. In 2013, isolates of grape powdery mildew with reduced quinoxyfen sensitivity (here designated as quinoxyfen lab resistance or QLR) were detected in a single vineyard in western Virginia, USA. Field trials were conducted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 at the affected vineyard to determine to what extent quinoxyfen might still contribute to disease control. Powdery mildew control by quinoxyfen was similar to, or only slightly less than, that provided by myclobutanil and boscalid in all three years. In 2016, early- versus late-season applications of quinoxyfen were compared to test the hypothesis that early-season applications were more effective, but differences were small. A treatment with two early quinoxyfen applications, at bloom and 2 weeks later, followed by a myclobutanil-boscalid plus a low dose of sulfur rotation provided slightly better control of foliar disease incidence than treatments containing four quinoxyfen applications or two midseason or two late quinoxyfen applications supplemented by myclobutanil and boscalid applications; severity differences were small and nonsignificant. Metrafenone and benzovindiflupyr generally provided excellent powdery mildew control. The frequency of QLR in vines not treated with quinoxyfen slowly declined from 65% in 2014 to 46% in 2016. Further research is needed to explain how, despite this QLR frequency, quinoxyfen applied to grapes in the field was still able to effectively control powdery mildew.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Rust Caused by Uredo cajani on Pigeonpea in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1344-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Swart ◽  
C. Mathews ◽  
K. B. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
First Report ◽  
Dark Orange ◽  
Necrotic Spots

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Mills.) is an important legume with potential as a dryland crop with multiple uses in the semi-arid areas of South Africa. Approximately 150 tons of dry, split seeds are imported monthly to meet the needs of South Africa. In May 2000, field trials and farmer's plots with plant ages varying from 1 to 3 years old were visited in Mpumalanga and Kwazulu-Natal to assess problems associated with pigeonpea cultivation. Rust was prevalent on more than 80% of plants on young and old leaves at all sites but was most severe at sites in Mpumalanga, where severe rust was observed on all 17 ICRISAT varieties evaluated. Leaf lesions began as chlorotic flecks that expanded and developed into necrotic spots with several orange red to brown uredinia present mostly on the abaxial sides of leaves. Urediospores were 1-celled and initially hyaline, turning dark orange, minutely echinulate, spherical with 2 to 4 circular germpores and measured 20–27 × 17 to 21μ. No telia were found and all morphological characteristics therefore correspond with the CMI description of Uredo cajani Syd. (1). In Africa, pigeonpea rust has been reported from Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. In South Africa, rust, described as Uromyces dolicholi Arthur (2), has only once been reported on pigeonpea. In the United States, U. dolicholi has also once been reported on pigeonpea (3). However, since U. dolicholi, unlike U. cajani, produces telia and occurs only on Rhyncosia spp. (4), these reports can be considered incorrect. This is therefore the first report of U. cajani on pigeonpea in South Africa. References: (1) K. H. Anahosur and J. M. Waller. 1978. No. 590: Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, England. (2) E. M. Doidge. Bothalia 5:1-1094, 1950. (3) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (4) A. Sivanesan. 1970. No. 269: Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, England.

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