Insect wing circulatory organs: Prime examples for the origin of evolutionary novelties

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Pass
Keyword(s):  
Insect Wing ◽  
Evolutionary Novelties

scholarly journals Wearable Vibration Sensor for Measuring the Wing Flapping of Insects

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Ryota Yanagisawa ◽  
Shunsuke Shigaki ◽  
Kotaro Yasui ◽  
Dai Owaki ◽  
Yasuhiro Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vibration Sensor ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Insect Wing

In this study, we fabricated a novel wearable vibration sensor for insects and measured their wing flapping. An analysis of insect wing deformation in relation to changes in the environment plays an important role in understanding the underlying mechanism enabling insects to dynamically interact with their surrounding environment. It is common to use a high-speed camera to measure the wing flapping; however, it is difficult to analyze the feedback mechanism caused by the environmental changes caused by the flapping because this method applies an indirect measurement. Therefore, we propose the fabrication of a novel film sensor that is capable of measuring the changes in the wingbeat frequency of an insect. This novel sensor is composed of flat silver particles admixed with a silicone polymer, which changes the value of the resistor when a bending deformation occurs. As a result of attaching this sensor to the wings of a moth and a dragonfly and measuring the flapping of the wings, we were able to measure the frequency of the flapping with high accuracy. In addition, as a result of simultaneously measuring the relationship between the behavior of a moth during its search for an odor source and its wing flapping, it became clear that the frequency of the flapping changed depending on the frequency of the odor reception. From this result, a wearable film sensor for an insect that can measure the displacement of the body during a particular behavior was fabricated.

scholarly journals Insect Wing Membrane Topography Is Determined by the Dorsal Wing Epithelium

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D Belalcazar ◽  
Kristy Doyle ◽  
Justin Hogan ◽  
David Neff ◽  
Simon Collier
Keyword(s):  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Membrane Topography ◽  
Wing Hair ◽  
Pcp Signaling ◽  
Multiple Cells

Abstract The Drosophila wing consists of a transparent wing membrane supported by a network of wing veins. Previously, we have shown that the wing membrane cuticle is not flat but is organized into ridges that are the equivalent of one wing epithelial cell in width and multiple cells in length. These cuticle ridges have an anteroposterior orientation in the anterior wing and a proximodistal orientation in the posterior wing. The precise topography of the wing membrane is remarkable because it is a fusion of two independent cuticle contributions from the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia. Here, through morphological and genetic studies, we show that it is the dorsal wing epithelium that determines wing membrane topography. Specifically, we find that wing hair location and membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, surface of the wing. In addition, we find that altering Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity (i.e., Fz PCP) signaling in the dorsal wing epithelium alone changes the membrane topography of both dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. We also examined the wing morphology of two model Hymenopterans, the honeybee Apis mellifera and the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. In both cases, wing hair location and wing membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, wing surface, suggesting that the dorsal wing epithelium also controls wing topography in these species. Because phylogenomic studies have identified the Hymenotera as basal within the Endopterygota family tree, these findings suggest that this is a primitive insect character.

Diffusion In Insect Wing Muscle, The Most Active Tissue Known

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
TORKEL WEIS-FOGH
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Normal Diffusion ◽  
Large Fibre ◽  
Very High

1. The tracheal system of insect wing muscle is so dense that between 10-1 and 10-3 of any cut area is occupied by air tubes. In most cases, air tube diffusion of O2 and CO2 through the muscle is therefore several thousand times quicker than diffusion in the liquid phase. 2. In large insects the primary tracheal supply must be strongly ventilated while diffusion is sufficient in the remaining part of the air tubes, even at the highest metabolic rates encountered in any insect. 3. The tracheoles represent the main site of exchange between the gaseous and the liquid phase while the tracheae are of little significance in this respect. The fibres cannot exceed about 20 µ in diameter unless the tracheoles indent the surface and become ‘internal’. 4. Muscular pumping of air and blood due to shortening is of little importance for the exchange of gases but of major importance for the supply with fuel for combustion. However, the large fibre diameters and the tidal nature of the pumping necessitates a very high concentration of fuel in the haemolymph. The high concentration of trehalose in insect blood is considered to be an essential adaptation to flapping flight. 5. The transport by diffusion of O2 and CO2 was followed in detail in a number of concrete examples in the gaseous as well as in the liquid phase. Within a safety factor of 2-3, the rate of transport was always found to be adequate. There is no reason to suggest other mechanisms than a simple, normal diffusion.

scholarly journals Foreign-body conjunctival granuloma secondary to finger-nail trauma

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
V. Sowmya ◽  
Nelly E.P. Nazareth ◽  
Vijna B. Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Foreign Body Granuloma ◽  
Granuloma Formation ◽  
Excision Biopsy ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Finger Nail ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eye Trauma

A foreign body lodged in the conjunctiva can trigger a granuloma formation. In the past, cilia, caterpillar hair, insect wing and fibers have been reported to incite foreignbody granuloma formation in the eye. Trauma to the eye with finger nail is frequently encountered but goes unnoticed among the pediatric population. Finger-nail trauma to the eye leading to a mass has not been reported in literature. We hereby report a case of conjunctival foreign-body granuloma in a seven-year-old child following finger-nail trauma. Excision biopsy and histopathology of the mass affirmed the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Bmmp influences wing shape by regulating anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axis development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunlong Zou ◽  
Xin Ding ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Lifeng Xu ◽  
Shubo Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Null Mutants ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Insect wings are subject to strong selective pressure, resulting in the evolution of remarkably diverse wing shapes that largely determine flight capacity. However, the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying wing shape development are not well understood. The silkworm Bombyx mori micropterous ( mp ) mutant exhibits shortened wing length and enlarged vein spacings , albeit without changes in total wing area. Thus, the mp mutant comprises a valuable genetic resource for studying wing shape development. In this study, we used molecular mapping to identify the gene responsible for the mp phenotype and designated it Bmmp . Phenotype-causing mutations were identified as indels and single nucleotide polymorphisms in non-coding regions. These mutations resulted in decreased Bmmp mRNA levels and changes in transcript isoform composition. Bmmp null mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and exhibited significantly smaller wings. By examining the expression of genes critical to wing development in wildtype and Bmmp null mutants, we found that Bm mp exerts its function by coordinately modulating anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axis development. We also studied a Drosophila mp mutant and found that Bmmp is functionally conserved in Drosophila . The Drosophila mp mutant strain exhibits curly wings of reduced size and a complete loss of flight capacity. Our results increase our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning insect wing development and reveal potential targets for pest control.

Characteristics of Dynamic Forces Generated by a Flapping Butterfly and its Wake Structure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Fuchiwaki ◽  
Kazuhiro Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Vortex Loop ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Fluid Forces ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Piv Measurement ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Butterfly Wings ◽  
The Relationship

A typical example of the flow field around a moving elastic body is that around butterfly wings. Butterflies fly by skillfully controlling this flow field, and vortices are generated around their bodies. The motion of their elastic wings produces dynamic fluid forces by manipulating the flow field. For this reason, there has been increased academic interest in the flow field and dynamic fluid forces produced by butterfly wings. A number of recent studies have qualitatively and quantitatively examined the flow field around insect wings. In some such previous studies, the vortex ring or vortex loop formed on the wing was visualized. However, the characteristics of dynamic forces generated by the flapping insect wing are not yet sufficiently understood. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the characteristics of dynamic lift and thrust produced by the flapping butterfly wing and the relationship between the dynamic lift and thrust and the flow field around the butterfly. We conducted the dynamic lift and thrust measurements of a fixed flapping butterfly, Idea leuconoe, using a six-axes sensor. Moreover, two-dimensional PIV measurement was conducted in the wake of the butterfly. The butterfly produced dynamic lift in downward flapping which became maximum at a flapping angle of approximately 0.0 deg. At the same time, the butterfly produced negative dynamic thrust during downward flapping. The negative dynamic thrust was not produced hydrodynamically by a flapping butterfly wing because a jet was not formed in front of the butterfly. The negative dynamic thrust was the kicking force for jumping and the maximum of this kicking force was about 6.0 times as large as the weight. On the other hand, the butterfly produced dynamic thrust in upward flapping which was approximately 6.0 times as large as the weight of the butterfly. However, the attacking force by the abdomen of the butterfly was included in the dynamic thrust and we have not yet clarified quantitatively the dynamic thrust produced by the butterfly wing.

Influence of wing kinematics on aerodynamic performance in hovering insect flight

2007 ◽  
Vol 594 ◽  
pp. 341-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK M. BOS ◽  
D. LENTINK ◽  
B. W. VAN OUDHEUSDEN ◽  
H. BIJL
Keyword(s):  
Insect Flight ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wing Kinematics ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Kinematic Models ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Lift And Drag

The influence of different wing kinematic models on the aerodynamic performance of a hovering insect is investigated by means of two-dimensional time-dependent Navier–Stokes simulations. For this, simplified models are compared with averaged representations of the hovering fruit fly wing kinematics. With increasing complexity, a harmonic model, a Robofly model and two more-realistic fruit fly models are considered, all dynamically scaled at Re = 110. To facilitate the comparison, the parameters of the models were selected such that their mean quasi-steady lift coefficients were matched. Details of the vortex dynamics, as well as the resulting lift and drag forces, were studied.The simulation results reveal that the fruit fly wing kinematics result in forces that differ significantly from those resulting from the simplified wing kinematic models. In addition, light is shed on the effect of different characteristic features of the insect wing motion. The angle of attack variation used by fruit flies increases aerodynamic performance, whereas the deviation is probably used for levelling the forces over the cycle.

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