Exposure to Community Violence as a New Adverse Childhood Experience Category: Promising Results and Future Considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunju Lee ◽  
Heather Larkin ◽  
Nina Esaki
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experience ◽  
Service Usage ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Exposure To Community Violence ◽  
Health Organization

Research links high youth exposure to community violence (ECV) with negative health consequences, and the World Health Organization recommends ECV as a new adverse childhood experience (ACE) category. The current study is among the first to include ECV within the ACE categories, examining ACEs and behavioral health (BH) service usage, using a population-based adult sample. Results reveal ECV and ACE associations in the expected direction. Respondents reporting ECV before age 18 had higher ACE scores than those without ECV. Results demonstrate ECV's predictive power for later BH needs and confirm its utility as a new ACE category. Practice implications include attention to ECV among adult populations and mitigating long-term costs through early intervention and prevention.

Youth‒Police Contact: Burdens and Inequities in an Adverse Childhood Experience, 2014‒2017

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e9
Author(s):  
Amanda Geller
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Police Encounters ◽  
The Life Course

Objectives. To assess police contact as a potential adverse childhood experience by measuring its prevalence, nature, and distribution among urban adolescents. Methods. Detailed US population-based data on youth‒police contact were collected in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2478) from 2014 to 2017. Using regression modeling, I assessed adolescents’ police exposure and the magnitude and robustness of racial disparities in police contact. Sensitivity analyses examined disparities by behavior and socioeconomic context. Results. Urban youths are heavily policed, beginning in preadolescence. Exposure to policing is unevenly distributed, with non-White adolescents—particularly Black boys—reporting more, and more aggressive, contact than their White counterparts. Hispanic‒White differences and disparities in girls’ experiences were less pronounced but present, particularly in how intrusive stops were. Intrusion disparities were robust to most behavioral controls, but not observed among youths with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions. Given extant literature documenting adverse health consequences of police encounters, findings implicate policing as a driver of health disparities in adolescence and throughout the life course. Public health infrastructure dedicated to the prevention and treatment of adverse childhood experiences is well suited for mitigating these harms and inequities. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print May 20, 2021: e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306259 )

Should COVID-19 be considered an adverse child experience?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Debbie Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Job Loss ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Child Experience

The term adverse childhood experience (ACE) covers a number of different traumatic events, including various forms of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, that occur before the age of 18 years. ACEs are recognised as predictors of future poor health outcomes, increased risk of mental illness and chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy. The current COVID-19 pandemic may be amplifying some ACEs in individuals by increasing social isolation or financial pressures and as a result of job loss, school closures, and exposure to the morbidity and mortality of the disease. This article considers the literature and asks the question ‘Can COVID-19 be considered an ACE itself?’ Ultimately, the long-term implications of an accumulation of risk and harm need to be considered and embedded in practice, to effectively respond to the future needs of vulnerable children.

scholarly journals Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales among elderly residents in long-term care facilities with joint contractures

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-chang Chen ◽  
Keh-chung Lin ◽  
Chen-Jung Chen ◽  
Shu-Hui Yeh ◽  
Ay-Woan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
World Health ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Joint Contractures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Joint contractures, which affect activity, participation, and quality of life, are common complications of neurological conditions among elderly residents in long-term care facilities. This study examined the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales in a population with joint contractures. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. The sample included elderly residents older than 64 years with joint contractures in an important joint who had lived at one of 12 long-term care facilities in Taiwan for more than 6 months (N = 243). The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales for joint contractures was generated from the English version through five stages: translation, review, back-translation, review by a panel of specialists, and a pretest. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity were evaluated, and the results were compared with those for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Results The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales had excellent reliability, with a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.975 (mean score, 28.98; standard deviation, 17.34). An exploratory factor analysis showed three factors and one factor with an eigenvalue > 1 that explained 75.176 and 62.83 % of the total variance in the Activity subscale and Participation subscale, respectively. The subscale-to-total scale correlation analysis showed Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.881 for the Activity subscale and 0.843 for the Participation subscale. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed that the correlation coefficient (r) between the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule was 0.770, whereas that for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale was − 0.553; these values were interpreted as large coefficients. Conclusions The underlying theoretical model of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales functions well in Taiwan and has acceptable levels of reliability and validity. However, the Chinese version must be further tested for applicability and generalizability in future studies, preferably with a larger sample and in different clinical domains.

Triage Management, Survival, and the Law in the Age of Ebola

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M Burkle ◽  
Christopher M Burkle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractLiberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea lack the public health infrastructure, economic stability, and overall governance to stem the spread of Ebola. Even with robust outside assistance, the epidemiological data have not improved. Vital resource management is haphazard and left to the discretion of individual Ebola treatment units. Only recently has the International Health Regulations (IHR) and World Health Organization (WHO) declared Ebola a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, making this crisis their fifth ongoing level 3 emergency. In particular, the WHO has been severely compromised by post-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) staffing, budget cuts, a weakened IHR treaty, and no unambiguous legal mandate. Population-based triage management under a central authority is indicated to control the transmission and ensure fair and decisive resource allocation across all triage categories. The shared responsibilities critical to global health solutions must be realized and the rightful attention, sustained resources, and properly placed legal authority be assured within the WHO, the IHR, and the vulnerable nations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6)

Maternal Adverse Childhood Experience and Infant Health: Biomedical and Psychosocial Risks as Intermediary Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 282-289.e1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri Madigan ◽  
Mark Wade ◽  
Andre Plamondon ◽  
Jonathon L. Maguire ◽  
Jennifer M. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Infant Health ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Psychosocial Risks ◽  
Adverse Childhood

AVALIAÇÃO DA RELAÇÃO DO NÚMERO DE SINTOMÁTICOS RESPIRATÓRIOS E OS CASOS CONFIRMADOS DE TUBERCULOSE EM PALMAS-TO NO PERÍODO DE 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Robson de Sousa ◽  
Maria do Socorro Rocha Sarmento Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Early Identification ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Activity ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Keywords Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Term Objective

RESUMO Estratégia usada internacionalmente a busca ativa de sintomáticos respiratórios permite identificar precocemente pessoas com tosse por tempo igual ou superior a três semanas consideradas com suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar visando à descoberta dos casos bacilíferos. É uma atividade de saúde pública e deve ser realizada por todos os serviços de saúde de forma permanente. Com o objetivo de identificar os casos, interromper a cadeia de transmissão e reduzir a incidência da doença a longo prazo.  Objetivo: Conhecer os números de casos notificados de tuberculose e realizar um comparativo com os indicadores de sintomático respiratório no município de Palmas/TO entre os anos de 2015 e 2016. Método: O estudo é do tipo descritivo, de corte transversal e documental direta. Conclusão: Verifica-se que o número confirmado de TB da pesquisa do SR tanto para o ano de 2015 quanto para o ano de 2016 está muito aquém dos casos novos notificados, foi possível perceber a descontinuidade dos pacientes que são encaminhados para avaliação e que não há segmentos principalmente em relação ao resultado dos exames.   Palavras-chave: Tuberculose. Vigilância Epidemiológica. Organização Mundial da Saúde. ABSTRACT A strategy used internationally for the active search of respiratory symptomatic patients allows early identification of people with cough for a time equal to or greater than three weeks considered with suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis in order to discover the bacilliferous cases. It is a public health activity and must be performed by all health services on an ongoing basis. In order to identify the cases, interrupt the transmission chain and reduce the incidence of the disease in the long term. Objective: To know the numbers of reported cases of tuberculosis and to carry out a comparison with the indicators of respiratory symptomatology in the municipality of Palmas / TO between the years 2015 and 2016. Method: The study is descriptive, cross-sectional and direct documentary. Conclusion: It is verified that the confirmed number of TB of the RS research for both the year 2015 and the year 2016 is well below the new cases reported, it was possible to perceive the discontinuity of the patients that are referred for evaluation and which are not mainly related to the results of the exams. Keywords: Tuberculosis. Epidemiological surveillance. World Health Organization.

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