scholarly journals Syntactically Look-Ahead Attention Network for Sentence Compression

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (05) ◽  
pp. 8050-8057
Author(s):  
Hidetaka Kamigaito ◽  
Manabu Okumura

Sentence compression is the task of compressing a long sentence into a short one by deleting redundant words. In sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) based models, the decoder unidirectionally decides to retain or delete words. Thus, it cannot usually explicitly capture the relationships between decoded words and unseen words that will be decoded in the future time steps. Therefore, to avoid generating ungrammatical sentences, the decoder sometimes drops important words in compressing sentences. To solve this problem, we propose a novel Seq2Seq model, syntactically look-ahead attention network (SLAHAN), that can generate informative summaries by explicitly tracking both dependency parent and child words during decoding and capturing important words that will be decoded in the future. The results of the automatic evaluation on the Google sentence compression dataset showed that SLAHAN achieved the best kept-token-based-F1, ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-L scores of 85.5, 79.3, 71.3 and 79.1, respectively. SLAHAN also improved the summarization performance on longer sentences. Furthermore, in the human evaluation, SLAHAN improved informativeness without losing readability.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. i-v
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Adamek

At the dawn of a new decade, I cannot help but recall that when I started my academic career in social work in the 1990s, it was common to look ahead to how life would be in the next century. Statistical projections forecast various demographic changes, often using 2020 as the future time frame. Back then, 2020 sounded far away and almost alien. Well folks, the future is here. Now that 2020 has dawned, it seems that the more things change, the more they stay the same. Certainly, the specific issues that social workers address have changed over the decades, and our approaches have been modified to tackle the new issues, but the struggle to understand and meet emerging needs persists. I used to jokingly hear that the ultimate goal of the social work profession was to put ourselves out of business. Given the intransigence of intolerance for difference and the persistent emergence of needs arising from “advances” of modern living, it seems the social justice stance of our profession will never be fully met. Indeed, our social contract is continually expanding. In the Fall 2019 issue of Advances in Social Work we are pleased to present 14 papers--11 empirical, 3 conceptual--written by 29 authors from 12 states across the U.S., representing different regions of the country and Ghana. Each paper is briefly introduced below.


2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-205
Author(s):  
Hye-Yeon Chung

AbstractHuman evaluation (HE) of translation is generally considered to be valid, but it requires a lot of effort. Automatic evaluation (AE) which assesses the quality of machine translations can be done easily, but it still requires validation. This study addresses the questions of whether and how AE can be used for human translations. For this purpose AE formulas and HE criteria were compared to each other in order to examine the validity of AE. In the empirical part of the study, 120 translations were evaluated by professional translators as well as by two representative AE-systems, BLEU/ METEOR, respectively. The correlations between AE and HE were relatively high at 0.849** (BLEU) and 0.862** (METEOR) in the overall analysis, but in the ratings of the individual texts, AE and ME exhibited a substantial difference. The AE-ME correlations were often below 0.3 or even in the negative range. Ultimately, the results indicate that neither METEOR nor BLEU can be used to assess human translation at this stage. But this paper suggests three possibilities to apply AE to compromise the weakness of HE.


1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
David Hartman

Hope is a category of transcedence, by means of which a man does not permit what he senses and experiences to be the sole criterion of what is possible. It is the belief or the conviction that present reality (what I see) does not exhaust the potentialities of the given data. Hope opens the present to the future; it enables a man to look ahead, to break the fixity of what he observes, and to perceive the world as open-textured. The categories of possibility and of transcendence interweave a closely stitched fabric - hope says that tomorrow can be better than today.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore T. March ◽  
Fred Niederman

We must look ahead at today's radical changes in technology, not just as forecasters but as actors charged with designing and bringing about a sustainable and acceptable world. New knowledge gives us power for change: for good or ill, for knowledge is neutral. The problems we face go well beyond technology: problems of living in harmony with nature, and most important, living in harmony with each other. Information technology, so closely tied to the properties of the human mind, can give us, if we ask the right questions, the special insights we need to advance these goals. Herbert A. Simon (2000)


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5873-5916
Author(s):  
Eduardo S Guimaraes

This article "The lunar problem is the barrier of the future time of the Earth" is a logical and rational analysis of the formation of the nuclear universe with galaxies, stars, the Sun star, the system of planets and the moons, and arrives at new original and inedited conclusions. The Big Bang of the primitive universe is a sequence programmed by the nature of thermonuclear super explosions in sidereal space. These thermonuclear super explosions swept nuclear sidereal space generating the large mass islands of galaxies like the Milky Way. The Milky Way was the first generation of the hyper-bubbles of the mixture of nuclear masses, which are: geological nuclear mass of attraction of gravity; geological nuclear mass of orbital attraction; geological nuclear mass of orbital repulsion. Because of nuclear hyper tremors, the nucleus of the Milky Way generated the second generation of the super bubbles that were repulsed from the galaxy's nucleus by the action of the geological nuclear mass of orbital repulsion, and then the super bubbles became in the many billions of celestial stars that make up the galactic disc. Because of the hyper tremors, the nucleus of these billions of stars, including the Sun, generated the third generation of super bubbles and large bubbles that were repulsed from the nuclei of the stars by the action of the geological nuclear mass of orbital repulsion, and then the super bubbles and large bubbles have become the sequence of planets, which makes up the orbital disk of the solar system. Due to a small number of nuclear super tremors, the nucleus of the sequence of planets tremble, shook and generated the fourth generation of the small bubbles that were repulsed from the nucleus of the planetary sequence by the action of the geological nuclear mass of orbital repulsion, and then, the small bubbles have become the sequence of moons, which makes up the orbital disk of the planets. And so, began the count the new time, after the sequence of Big Bang explosions.  


1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (37) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Senedu Gabru

Just as the tree obtains nourishment at its roots, so we come to draw strength and inspiration at the very source of a noble idea, where the Red Cross was born and where it has grown.Delegates of 90 Societies, representing 157 million members, have flocked here from all parts of the world to celebrate and pay tribute to one hundred years of service and unlimited devotion to the welfare of mankind.This commemoration is a suitable vantage-point from which to review the road which has been travelled in the course of a century by a great movement and also to look ahead in order to study the future, its prospects and its limitations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 854-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R. Evans ◽  
Anil Mathur

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed and critical look at the evolution of online survey research since Evans and Mathur’s (2005) article on the value of online surveys. At that time, online survey research was in its early stages. Also covered are the present and future states of online research. Many conclusions and recommendations are presented. Design/methodology/approach The look back focuses on online surveys, strengths and weaknesses of online surveys, the literature on several aspects of online surveys and online survey best practices. The look ahead focuses on emerging survey technologies and methodologies, and new non-survey technologies and methodologies. Conclusions and recommendations are provided. Findings Online survey research is used more frequently and better accepted by researchers than in 2005. Yet, survey techniques are still regularly transformed by new technologies. Non-survey digital research is also more prominent than in 2005 and can better track actual behavior than surveys can. Hybrid surveys will be widespread in the future. Practical implications The paper aims to provide insights for researchers with different levels of online survey experience. And both academics and practitioners should gain insights. Social implications Adhering to a strong ethics code is vital to gain respondents’ trust and to produce valid results. Originality/value Conclusions and recommendations are offered in these specific areas: defining concepts, understanding the future role of surveys, developing and implementing surveys and a survey code of ethics. The literature review cites more than 200 sources.


Virittäjä ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Niva

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan olla menossa-, olla tulossa- ja olla lähdössä-rakenteiden sekä niiden infinitiivillisten varianttien olla menemässä, olla tulemassa ja olla lähtemässä (yhteisesti olla V-ssA) käyttöä vanhassa kirjasuomessa ja varhaisnykysuomessa. Erityisenä huomion kohteena on rakenteiden käyttö ilmaisuissa, jotka saavat futuurisia piirteitä. Artikkelissa osoitetaan, että intentioiden ja ennakoinnin ilmaisufunktiosta on nähtävissä viitteitä jo vanhassa kirjasuomessa (noin vuosina 1540–1810) ja varhaisnykysuomessa (noin vuosina 1810–1880). Keskeisiä tekijöitä intentioiden ja ennakoinnin merkityksen rakentumisessa ovat liike- ja aspektisemantiikka, progressiivisuus sekä tulla-verbin osalta myös näkökulmaisuus ja toisen käden tieto. Odotuksenmukaisesti kontekstilla on merkityksen muodostumisessa tärkeä rooli. Olla V-ssA -rakennetta ja sen käytön kehitystä tarkastellaan artikkelissa konstruktiokieliopin näkökulmasta. Mennä-, tulla- ja lähteä-verbillisillä rakenteilla on sekä niitä yhdistäviä että erottavia piirteitä. Lisäksi verbikohtaiset rakenteet voidaan käyttönsä puolesta jaotella vielä eri tyyppeihin. Tällainen alatyyppi on esimerkiksi tulla-verbillisen olla V-ssA -rakenteen käyttö luonto- ja abstraktisubjektillisissa ilmaisuissa (Talvi on ­tulossa; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa). Tärkeä tekijä futuurisuuden merkityksen kehityksessä onkin myös konstruktioiden keskinäinen vuorovaikutus eli ne yhteydet, jotka kielenkäyttäjät hahmottavat rakenteiden välille ja jotka vaikuttavat rakenteiden käyttöön ja tulkintaan.   ‘It seems that happier times are coming’: The progressive construction of motion verbs and its meanings in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish The article deals with the usage of the olla V-ssA construction in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish. Olla V-ssA consists of olla ‘be’ and either a deverbal noun or an infinitive based on a general motion verb in the inessive case (a local case) -ssA. The general motion verbs in question are mennä ‘go’, tulla ‘come’ and lähteä ‘leave’; the precise forms in question are olla menossa ~ menemässä ‘be going’, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’ and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä ‘be leaving’. The focus is on usage whereby the construction implies a future-time reference. The article shows that the function of the olla V-ssA construction of expressing intention and prediction can be traced back to Old Literary Finnish (ca. 1540–1810) and Early Modern Finnish (ca. 1810–1880). The semantics of motion, aspectual features and progressivity are central factors in implying the future. In the case of the verb tulla ‘come’, the viewpoint and second-hand information also contribute to the construction of this implication. In addition, context plays an important role in constructing the meaning, as is to be expected. The olla V-ssA construction and the development of its usage are examined within the Construction Grammar framework. The constructions olla menossa ~ menemässä, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä contain both common and individual features. In addition to this, these constructions can be divided into more specific types of usage, one being olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’, which occurs with a subject bearing an abstract or nature-related reference (e.g. Talvi on tulossa ‘Winter is coming’; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa ‘It seems that happier times are coming’). The interaction of these constructions, i.e., the connections that language users perceive between the constructions, and the impact this has on the usage and interpretation of the constructions, seem to be key factors in the development of the future-time reference of the olla V-ssA construction.    


2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Shields

Background: This article considers the temporal aspects and effects of infrastructure that bridges past, present, and future rather than connecting places or delivering services.  Analysis: Four “moments” of time infrastructure will be considered in the case of a reconstructed heritage wooden bridge: heritage sites that link to the past, undertakings that mark the present, endeavours that project the current society forward into the future, and the forgetful overlooking of infrastructure as a taken-for-granted and abject temporality.  Conclusion and implications: This requires a topological approach, studying “infrastructurality” as heterochronic and as a liminal “super-object” that transcends its normative presence and Euclidean dimensions. Contexte : Cet article examine les aspects et effets temporels des infrastructures qui relient passé, présent et futur plutôt que de relier des lieux ou de fournir des services. Analyse : Quatre « moments » de ces infrastructures temporelles seront considérés par rapport à un pont en bois patrimonial reconstruit : les sites patrimoniaux qui évoquent le passé, les initiatives qui marquent le présent, les efforts qui projettent la société actuelle vers l’avenir, et l’oubli de l’infrastructure car on la considère comme temporalité abjecte qui va de soi. Conclusion et implications : Cette étude requiert une approche topologique où l’on envisagerait l’« infrastructuralité » comme hétérochronique et comme « super-objet » liminal transcendant sa présence normative et ses dimensions euclidiennes.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document