scholarly journals The Latent Relation Mapping Engine: Algorithm and Experiments

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 615-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Turney
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
The Core ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Analogical Mapping ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Mapping Theory ◽  
Large Corpus

Many AI researchers and cognitive scientists have argued that analogy is the core of cognition. The most influential work on computational modeling of analogy-making is Structure Mapping Theory (SMT) and its implementation in the Structure Mapping Engine (SME). A limitation of SME is the requirement for complex hand-coded representations. We introduce the Latent Relation Mapping Engine (LRME), which combines ideas from SME and Latent Relational Analysis (LRA) in order to remove the requirement for hand-coded representations. LRME builds analogical mappings between lists of words, using a large corpus of raw text to automatically discover the semantic relations among the words. We evaluate LRME on a set of twenty analogical mapping problems, ten based on scientific analogies and ten based on common metaphors. LRME achieves human-level performance on the twenty problems. We compare LRME with a variety of alternative approaches and find that they are not able to reach the same level of performance.

Relational Similarity Measure: An Approach Combining Wikipedia and WordNet

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 955-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Jiao Cao ◽  
Zhao Lu ◽  
Song Mei Cai
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space Model ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Relational Similarity ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Large Corpus

Relational similarities between two pairs of words are the degrees of their semantic relations. Vector Space Model (VSM) is used to measure the relational similarity between two pairs of words, however it needs create patterns manually and these patterns are limited. Recently, Latent Relational Analysis (LRA) is proposed and achieves state-of-art results. However, it is time-consuming and cannot express implicit semantic relations. In this study, we propose a new approach to measure relational similarities between two pairs of words by combining Wordnet3.0 and the Web-Wikipedia, thus implicit semantic relations from the very large corpus can be mined. The proposed approach mainly possesses two characters: (1) A new method is proposed in the pattern extraction step, which considers various part-of-speeches of words. (2)Wordnet3.0 is applied to calculate the semantic relatedness between a pair of words so that the implicit semantic relation of the two words can be expressed. Experimental evaluation based on the 374 SAT multiple-choice word-analogy questions, the precision of the proposed approach is 43.9%, which is lower than that of LRA suggested by Turney in 2005, but the suggested approach mainly focuses on mining the semantic relations among words.

Analogies in science and science teaching

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Brown ◽  
Susan Salter
Keyword(s):  
Science Teaching ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Mapping Theory ◽  
Practice Of Science

Analogies are often used in science, but students may not appreciate their significance, and so the analogies can be misunderstood or discounted. For this reason, educationalists often express concern about the use of analogies in teaching. Given the important place of analogies in the discourse of science, it is necessary that students are explicitly shown how they work, perhaps based on the structure-mapping theory we outline here. When using an analogy, the teacher should very clearly specify both its components and its limitations. Great care is required in developing an analogy to ensure that it is understood as intended and that misconceptions are minimized. This approach models the behavior of a scientist, which helps to develop student understanding of the practice of science.

Do simple syntactic heuristics to verb meaning hold up? Testing the structure mapping account over spontaneous speech to Spanish-learning children

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-582
Author(s):  
Cynthia Pamela Audisio ◽  
Maia Julieta Migdalek
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Analogical Mapping ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Mapping Mechanism ◽  
Ditransitive Verbs ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
Verb Meaning

AbstractExperimental research has shown that English-learning children as young as 19 months, as well as children learning other languages (e.g., Mandarin), infer some aspects of verb meanings by mapping the nominal elements in the utterance onto participants in the event expressed by the verb. The present study assessed this structure or analogical mapping mechanism (SAMM) on naturalistic speech in the linguistic environment of 20 Spanish-learning infants from Argentina (average age 19 months). This study showed that the SAMM performs poorly – at chance level – especially when only noun phrases (NPs) included in experimental studies of the SAMM were parsed. If agreement morphology is considered, the performance is slightly above chance but still very poor. In addition, it was found that the SAMM performs better on intransitive and transitive verbs, compared to ditransitives. Agreement morphology has a beneficial effect only on transitive and ditransitive verbs. On the whole, concerns are raised about the role of the SAMM in infants’ interpretation of verb meaning in natural exchanges.

When language bites

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-211
Author(s):  
Sabina Tabacaru
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Television Series ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Holistic Analysis ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Large Corpus

Abstract This article focuses on sarcasm, for which the definitions have often been loose and confusing, integrating it into the concept of irony. My approach is based on a large corpus of examples taken from two contemporary television-series, which help identify the wide range of linguistic processes at the core of sarcastic utterances. I present a quantitative and descriptive analysis of the main processes found in two American television-series: House M.D. and The Big Bang Theory. The results show the intricate meanings created in sarcasm through various linguistic mechanisms, such as repetition, explicitation, metonymy, metaphor, shift of focus, reasoning, and rhetorical questions. This more holistic analysis, including a broad corpus of instances and a more detailed analysis of the examples, aims to fill the unexplored gaps in more classical analyses, emphasizing the complexities and implications that can be drawn in interaction.

The efficacy of interactive analogical models in the instruction of bond energy curves in undergraduate chemistry

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay M. Shahani ◽  
Jodie Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Test Evaluation ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Undergraduate Chemistry ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Spring System ◽  
Written Descriptions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mapping Theory ◽  
Insight Into

We explored analogies used for introducing students to the concept of potential energy wells. Two analogy systems were developed, a spring system and a novel system consisting of electrostatic spheres. These two, distinct analogies were housed within an interactive tool that allowed students to manipulate the analogous systems and witness changes to potential energy curves in real time. A pre-test/post-test evaluation provided insight into the impact the formulation of an analogy system can have on understanding. Students modified written descriptions to include new details in accordance to the structure-mapping theory of analogies. However, students failed to correct visual descriptions of energy wells. The failure of participants to apply key concepts after using the interactive and animated analogy systems highlights the importance of designing for education.

The Effects of Alignability on Memory

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Markman ◽  
Dedre Gentner
Keyword(s):  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Mapping Theory

According to structure-mapping theory, the process of comparison is one of alignment and mapping between representational structures. This process induces a focus on commonalities and alignable differences (i.e., those related to the commonalities). Nonalignable differences (i.e., those not related to the commonalities) are held to be neglected. The theory thus predicts increased focus on the corresponding information, whether these are commonalities or differences. In this article, we explore the implications of this claim for memory: Specifically, we test the prediction that alignable differences are more likely to be processed and stored than nonalignable differences. We present a study in which people made similarity comparisons between pairs of pictures and then were probed for recall. The recall probes were figures taken from the pictures and were either alignable or nonalignable differences between the pairs. The alignable differences were better memory probes than the nonalignable differences, suggesting that people were more likely to encode and store the corresponding information than the noncorresponding information.

scholarly journals INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERVENTION: NEWS ORGANIZATIONS’ CONTRADICTORY RELATIONSHIP WITH ONLINE COMMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rantasila ◽  
Heli Väätäjä ◽  
Joel Kiskola ◽  
Thomas Olsson ◽  
Aleksi Syrjämäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online News ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
The Core ◽  
News Organizations ◽  
Online Comments ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Online news comments are intended to cultivate an interdependent relationship between news organizations and their audiences. However, uncivil online comments have become a persistent problem that requires constant intervention through moderation. In this paper, to better understand these interventions, we analyze interviews of eleven managers of online comments of large Finnish news organizations. By exploring the views of journalistic managers of moderation, this study contributes new insights to the discussion about online content moderation, as previous research has focused more on social media platforms and moderators. Our results suggest that the managers have a complex relationship with comments. They would like to see more engaging comments but were also frustrated with the continuous need to moderate the comments. The managers also expressed concern that uncivil comments keep more constructive commenters from participating, thus harming the audience relationship. Organizations tend to outsource moderation to third parties or automated moderation, as moderation is often seen as time-consuming and outside of the core work of journalists. However, the managers were not satisfied with outsourced or automated moderation, mainly because of a lack in contextual knowledge, as also noted in previous research. Reflecting previous literature, our results suggest that some aspects of uncivil commenting may require alternative approaches to moderation altogether. For example, some managers suggested replacing comments with other means of interaction. To address the inherent contradictions in online news comment moderation, we advocate a view that focuses on cultivating and rewarding civil comments instead of deleting and punishing for uncivil comments.

Relational priming plays a supporting but not leading role in adult analogy-making

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Require Structure ◽  
Relational Priming

AbstractLeech et al.'s analysis adds to an emerging consensus of the role of priming in analogy-making. However, their model cannot scale up to adult-level performance because not all relations can be cast as functions. One-size-fits-all accounts cannot capture the richness of analogy. Proportional analogies and transitive inferences can be made by nonstructural mechanisms. Therefore, these tasks do not generalize to tasks that require structure mapping.

The Sources of Children's Errors during Nonisomorphic Analogical Transfer: Script Theory and Structure Mapping Theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Pierce ◽  
R.Michelle Crain ◽  
Barry Gholson ◽  
Dereece Smither ◽  
F.Michael Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Analogical Transfer ◽  
Script Theory ◽  
Mapping Theory

scholarly journals Integrating analogical mapping and general problem solving: the path-mapping theory

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario D. Salvucci ◽  
John R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Analogical Mapping ◽  
Mapping Theory
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document