Tillage and Soybean Canopy Effects on Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Emergence

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Marcos J. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Thermal Fluctuation ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
No Till ◽  
Artificial Seed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soybean Canopy

Field experiments were conducted in Pendleton, SC, in 2004 and 2005, to determine the influence of tillage with or without soybean on common cocklebur emergence. Treatments included no-till/no soybean (NTNS), no-till plus soybean (NTS), tillage/no soybean (TNS), and tillage plus soybean (TS). Emergence was monitored from an artificial seed bank in 2004 and a natural seed bank in 2005. Overall, common cocklebur emerged from early May through late October and presented multiple emergence. In no-till plots with or without soybean, initial emergence was delayed 7 d in both years. In TNS plots, major emergence (daily emergence > mean emergence plus standard deviation) of common cocklebur occurred from early May to late July. In NTNS plots, major emergence occurred from late May through late August. No-till reduced total common cocklebur emergence by 59 to 69% compared with tillage. At the V5 to V6 soybean growth stage, the daily soil thermal fluctuation at 2.5 cm soil depth diminished from approximately 15 to 5 C and reduced common cocklebur emergence by 84 to 91% for the rest of the growing season. Common cocklebur emergence was higher when the mean soil temperature was > 15 C, and the daily thermal fluctuation was > 7.5 C. This study suggests that strategies that promote early crop canopy development and minimum tillage should reduce common cocklebur emergence.

Influence of Integrated Agronomic and Weed Management Practices on Soybean Canopy Development and Yield

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nikola Arsenijevic ◽  
Ryan DeWerff ◽  
Shawn Conley ◽  
Matthew Ruark ◽  
Rodrigo Werle
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soybean Canopy

The role of weed suppression by the cultivated crop is often overlooked in annual row cropping systems. Agronomic practices such as planting time, row spacing, tillage and herbicide selection may influence the time of crop canopy closure. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the aforementioned agronomic practices and their interaction with the adoption of an effective preemergence (PRE) soil residual herbicide program on soybean canopy closure and yield. A field experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at Arlington, WI as a 2×2×2×2 factorial in a randomized complete block design, including early (late-April) and standard (late-May) planting time, narrow (38 cm) and wide (76 cm) row spacing, conventional tillage and no-till, and soil-applied PRE herbicide (yes and no; flumioxazin 150 g ai ha−1 + metribuzin 449 g ai ha−1 + pyroxasulfone 190 g ai ha-1). All plots were maintained weed-free throughout the growing season. In both years, early planted soybeans reached 90% green canopy cover (T90) before (7 to 9 d difference) and yielded more (188 to 902 kg ha−1 difference) than the standard planted soybeans. Narrow-row soybeans reached T90 earlier than wide-row soybeans (4 to 7 d difference), but yield was similar between row spacing treatments. Conventional tillage had a higher yield when compared to a no-till system (377 kg ha−1 difference). The PRE herbicide slightly delayed T90 (4 d or less) but had no impact on yield. All practices investigated herein influenced the time of soybean canopy closure but only planting time and tillage impacted yield. Planting soybeans earlier and reducing their row spacing expedites the time to canopy closure. The potential delay in canopy development and yield loss if soybeans are allowed to compete with weeds early in the season would likely outweigh the slight delay in canopy development by an effective PRE herbicide.

Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and Entireleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederaceavanintegriuscula) Interference on Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight G. Mosier ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Canopy

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate common cocklebur and entireleaf morningglory interference on soybean under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Total leaf area index (LAI), LAI within the soybean canopy, crop growth rate, and seed yield of soybean were decreased more by common cocklebur than by entireleaf morningglory. Interference from entireleaf morningglory, common cocklebur, or both species reduced soybean yields 21, 57, and 64%, respectively, with irrigation and 12, 60, and 76%, respectively, without irrigation. Soybean yield reduction from interference with entireleaf morningglory, common cocklebur, or both species was not influenced by soybean date of planting. Soil water was extracted from greater soil depths by soybean growing with the weeds than by soybean alone. High WUE without irrigation suggests that soybean uses water more efficiently when soil moisture is limiting than when soil moisture is available under irrigated conditions.

scholarly journals Combining Process Modelling and LAI Observations to Diagnose Winter Wheat Nitrogen Status and Forecast Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Andrew Revill ◽  
Vasileios Myrgiotis ◽  
Anna Florence ◽  
Stephen Hoad ◽  
Robert Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

Climate, nitrogen (N) and leaf area index (LAI) are key determinants of crop yield. N additions can enhance yield but must be managed efficiently to reduce pollution. Complex process models estimate N status by simulating soil-crop N interactions, but such models require extensive inputs that are seldom available. Through model-data fusion (MDF), we combine climate and LAI time-series with an intermediate-complexity model to infer leaf N and yield. The DALEC-Crop model was calibrated for wheat leaf N and yields across field experiments covering N applications ranging from 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 in Scotland, UK. Requiring daily meteorological inputs, this model simulates crop C cycle responses to LAI, N and climate. The model, which includes a leaf N-dilution function, was calibrated across N treatments based on LAI observations, and tested at validation plots. We showed that a single parameterization varying only in leaf N could simulate LAI development and yield across all treatments—the mean normalized root-mean-square-error (NRMSE) for yield was 10%. Leaf N was accurately retrieved by the model (NRMSE = 6%). Yield could also be reasonably estimated (NRMSE = 14%) if LAI data are available for assimilation during periods of typical N application (April and May). Our MDF approach generated robust leaf N content estimates and timely yield predictions that could complement existing agricultural technologies. Moreover, EO-derived LAI products at high spatial and temporal resolutions provides a means to apply our approach regionally. Testing yield predictions from this approach over agricultural fields is a critical next step to determine broader utility.

scholarly journals Weed Flora and Soil Seed Bank Composition as Affected by Tillage System in Three-Year Crop Rotation

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽  
Janusz Smagacz ◽  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Elżbieta Harasim ◽  
Andrzej Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
No Till ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Direct Sowing

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest around agricultural science and practice in conservation tillage systems that are compatible with sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess the qualitative and quantitative changes in weed flora and soil seed bank under reduced tillage and no-till (direct sowing) in comparison with traditional ploughing. In the crop rotation: pea/rape—winter wheat—winter wheat the number and dry weight of weeds increased with the simplification of tillage. The seed bank was the largest under direct sowing and about three times smaller in traditional ploughing. Under direct sowing, most weed seeds were accumulated in the top soil layer 0–5 cm, while in the ploughing system most weed seeds occurred in deeper layers: 5–10 and 10–20 cm. In the reduced and no-till systems, a greater percentage of perennial and invasive species, such as Conyza canadensis L., was observed. The results show that it is possible to maintain weed infestation in the no-till system at a level that does not significantly affect winter wheat yield and does not pose a threat of perennial and invasive weeds when effective herbicide protection is applied.

Harvest Loss and Seed Bank Longevity of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Implications for Seed-Mediated Gene Flow

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody E. Dexter ◽  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Rong-Cai Yang ◽  
Melissa J. Hills ◽  
Randall J. Weselake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Seed Coat Color ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Artificial Seed ◽  
Seed Mediated

Flax is a minor oilseed crop in Canada largely exported to the European Union for use as a source of industrial oil and feed ingredient. While flax could be genetically engineered (GE) to enhance nutritional value, the adoption of transgenic technologies threatens conventional flax market acceptability. Harvest seed loss of GE crops and the persistence of GE crop volunteers in the seed bank are major factors influencing transgene persistence. Ten commercial fields in Alberta, Canada, were sampled after harvesting conventional flax in 2006 and 2007, and flax seed density and viability were determined. Additionally, artificial seed banks were established at two locations in Alberta in 2005 and 2006 to quantify persistence of five conventional flax cultivars with variability in seed coat color (yellow or brown) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3cisΔ9,13,15) content (3 to 55%) at three soil depths (0, 3, or 10 cm). Harvest methods influenced seed loss and distribution, > 10-fold more seed was distributed beneath windrows than between them. Direct harvested fields had more uniform seed distribution but generally higher seed losses. The maximum yield loss was 44 kg ha−1or 2.3% of the estimated crop yield. Seed loss and the viability of flax seed were significantly influenced by year, presumably because weather conditions prior to harvest influenced the timing and type of harvest operations. In artificial seed bank studies, seed coat color or ALA content did not influence persistence. Flax seed viability rapidly declined in the year following burial with < 1% remaining midsummer in the year following burial but there were significant differences between years. In three of four locations, there was a trend of longer seed persistence at the deepest burial depth (10 cm). The current study predicts that seed-mediated gene flow may be a significant factor in transgene persistence and a source of adventitious presence.

scholarly journals Living mulch strategy for organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) production in central and southern Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Canali ◽  
Gabriele Campanelli ◽  
Corrado Ciaccia ◽  
Mariangela Diacono ◽  
Fabrizio Leteo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Systems

In sustainable agricultural systems, intercropping using living mulches (LM) provides many beneficial ecosystem services. The objective of these two-year field experiments was to study the suitability of different LM options of burr medic (<em>Medicago polymorpha</em> L. var. <em>anglona</em>) for organic cauliflower (<em>Brassica oleracea</em> L.) cultivation in two sites under Mediterranean conditions. In central Italy (Experiment 1) contemporary and delayed (to crop) sowings of LM were compared with a no-cover crop treatment, contrasting two local cauliflower cultivars and a F1 Hybrid. In southern Italy (Experiment 2) the sustainability of systems combining LM (anticipated and contemporary sowing compared with no-cover) and organic fertilisation strategies was assessed. The aboveground biomasses dry weights of cauliflower crop (heads and residues), burr medic and weeds were separately determined. Results suggested that in Experiment 1 the LM was not able to smother weeds establishment and growth, as a consequence of early sowing, while cauliflower yield was reduced. Moreover, the genotypes behaviour was greatly influenced by the LM sowing times. In Experiment 2, irrespective of the agronomic practices applied, climatic conditions notably influenced cauliflower cultivation and also reduced the mean yield. Therefore, the recorded differences between the two experimental sites highlighted the need to tailor the LM strategies to the different environmental conditions.

scholarly journals An Analytical View on Water Use Efficiency of Some Main Crops Grown in the Non-costal Parts of Thrace Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Recep Cakir
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Rainfed Farming ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Thrace Region

The article contains data obtained from evaluations related to irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), for the main crops, irrigated at different stages of growth, on the basis of some findings obtained in the Research Institute in Kırklareli. Each of the experimental crops was sown and farmed following procedures applied by the farmers in the region, except of the irrigation applications which were based on the sensitivity of a certain crop to water shortage in the soil, during the specific growth stages. Similar procedures were applied and all the experimental treatments were irrigated at growth stages, as predicted in the research methodology, and water amounts required to fill the 0-90 cm soil depth to field capacity were implied. Evaluation data obtained from the field experiments with three major crops, grown on the non-coastal lands of Thrace Region showed, that the productivity of irrigation water, as well as water use efficiencies of all analysed crops, are growth stage controlled. The highest IWUE and WUE efficiencies of 0.87 and 0.92 kg da-1 m-3; and 1.08 kg da-1 m-3 and 0.81 kg da-1 m-3; were determined for wheat and sunflower crops, irrigated at booting and flowering stages, respectively. Each m3 of irrigation water, applied during the most sensitive fruit formation stage (Ff) of pumpkin crop, provided additionally 8.47 kg da-1 fruit yield, 8.09 fruit numbers and 0.28 kg da-1 seed yields, more than those of rainfed farming (R).

scholarly journals Analysis of Working Qualitative Parameters for No-Till Machines

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu RANTA ◽  
Ioan DROCAS ◽  
Sorin STANILA ◽  
Adrian MOLNAR ◽  
Mircea Valentin MUNTEAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Experimental Teaching ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Teaching Facility

Autors was designed a system to modify the SPC romanian seeding machine for in order that it can be used for no-till technology. This machine was manufactured with the help of S.C. MECANICA M.A.R.I..U.S. S.A. in Cluj- Napoca and it was used in laboratory conditions in a state of the art soil bin of Hohenheim University, Stuttgart and in laboratory-field conditions. The field experiments were located on a plot of Experimental Teaching Facility of USAMV Cluj-Napoca, on aluviosol molic soil after SRTS – 200, in location Lunca Someşului Mic (Podişul Someşan) .

scholarly journals PREHARVEST FOLIAGE SPRAYS OF SUGARCANE WITH 2,4-D

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
R. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
Acid Basis ◽  
The Mean

Data are presented here on the effect of applications to sugarcane of 10, 20, and 30 pounds to the acre of the sodium salt of 2,4-D, acid basis, at three intervals (10, 20 and 30 days) prior to harvest. Field experiments were conducted at Humacao and Río Piedras following a randomized block layout. Each treatment was replicated six times. The mean available 96° sugar percent cane was 12.2 at both locations with very small deviations above or below it. No significant differences were observed between the mean Brix, polarization, purity, available 96° sugar percent cane, and tons of cane to the acre at either location.

scholarly journals Photogrammetric avalanche volume measurements at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juauien Vallet ◽  
Urs Gruber ◽  
François Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Deposition Zone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Snow Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractDuring winter 1999 three large avalanche events were triggered by explosives at SLF’s avalanche test site, Vallée de la Sionne, canton Valais, Switzerland. One important goal of these large-scale field experiments was to measure the release and deposition volumes of avalanches by photogrammetric methods. In this paper, the photogrammetric measurements of all three avalanches are summarized. For one avalanche event it was possible to realize the whole measuring procedure as planned, and to obtain volume measurements before and after the avalanche triggering In the other two avalanche events, the photographs before the triggering of the avalanche failed. Nevertheless the photographs taken after the avalanche provide valuable information on the fracture depth at the fracture line. The mean fracture depth of the largest avalanche was about 2.10 m, varying between 1 and 3.5 m over a width of > 1000 m. The total volume of the deposition of all three avalanche events was about 1300 000 m3. The deposits are distributed over a length of > 1000 m with depths up to 30 m. The difference between the released and deposited volumes proved that avalanches entrain a large amount of snow along the avalanche track. Furthermore, the snow distribution in the deposition zone provides important information about the behaviour of a dense flowing avalanche in the runout zone.

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