Growth Response of Direct-Seeded Rice to Oxadiazon and Bispyribac-Sodium in Aerobic and Saturated Soils

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
David E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Aerobic Soil ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Studies were conducted to determine the growth responses of rice to PRE application of oxadiazon and POST application of bispyribac-sodium. Oxadiazon at 1.0 and 1.5 kg ha−1and bispyribac-sodium at 0.030 and 0.045 kg ha−1were applied to four rice varieties (‘IR64’, ‘IR72’, ‘RC09’, and ‘RC18’), which were grown in saturated and aerobic (30% of saturation) soils. Control treatments, where no herbicides were applied, were also included in the study. Shoot and root biomass, and height of rice plants were measured 14 d after application. Phytotoxic effects for both herbicides, including reduced shoot and root biomass, were consistent in all varieties. Rice phytotoxicity symptoms were greater when herbicides were applied to saturated than to aerobic soils. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg ha−1reduced rice shoot biomass by 22 to 36% in aerobic condition, and 43 to 56% in saturated condition when compared with the control. Bispyribac-sodium reduced rice shoot biomass by 9 to 17% at 0.030 kg ha−1in aerobic soil and 23 to 37% in saturated soil. The results of this study suggest that soil water content is an important factor influencing herbicide phytotoxicity in rice, and its influence warrants further research to improve understanding of physiology of phytotoxicity to minimize the effects of these herbicides on crop production.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

scholarly journals Plant Salinity Tolerance Conferred by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Associated Mechanisms: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khondoker M. G. Dastogeer ◽  
Mst Ishrat Zahan ◽  
Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif ◽  
Mst Arjina Akter ◽  
Shin Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Soil salinity often hinders plant productivity in both natural and agricultural settings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) symbionts can mediate plant stress responses by enhancing salinity tolerance, but less attention has been devoted to measuring these effects across plant-AMF studies. We performed a meta-analysis of published studies to determine how AMF symbionts influence plant responses under non-stressed vs. salt-stressed conditions. Compared to non-AMF plants, AMF plants had significantly higher shoot and root biomass (p < 0.0001) both under non-stressed conditions and in the presence of varying levels of NaCl salinity in soil, and the differences became more prominent as the salinity stress increased. Categorical analyses revealed that the accumulation of plant shoot and root biomass was influenced by various factors, such as the host life cycle and lifestyle, the fungal group, and the duration of the AMF and salinity treatments. More specifically, the effect of Funneliformis on plant shoot biomass was more prominent as the salinity level increased. Additionally, under stress, AMF increased shoot biomass more on plants that are dicots, plants that have nodulation capacity and plants that use the C3 plant photosynthetic pathway. When plants experienced short-term stress (<2 weeks), the effect of AMF was not apparent, but under longer-term stress (>4 weeks), AMF had a distinct effect on the plant response. For the first time, we observed significant phylogenetic signals in plants and mycorrhizal species in terms of their shoot biomass response to moderate levels of salinity stress, i.e., closely related plants had more similar responses, and closely related mycorrhizal species had similar effects than distantly related species. In contrast, the root biomass accumulation trait was related to fungal phylogeny only under non-stressed conditions and not under stressed conditions. Additionally, the influence of AMF on plant biomass was found to be unrelated to plant phylogeny. In line with the greater biomass accumulation in AMF plants, AMF improved the water status, photosynthetic efficiency and uptake of Ca and K in plants irrespective of salinity stress. The uptake of N and P was higher in AMF plants, and as the salinity increased, the trend showed a decline but had a clear upturn as the salinity stress increased to a high level. The activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the proline content changed due to AMF treatment under salinity stress. The accumulation of proline and catalase (CAT) was observed only when plants experienced moderate salinity stress, but peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased in AMF plants irrespective of salinity stress. Taken together, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influenced plant growth and physiology, and their effects were more notable when their host plants experienced salinity stress and were influenced by plant and fungal traits.

Variability of water supply affected shoot biomass and root depth distribution of four temperate grassland species in monocultures and mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-562
Author(s):  
Eamon Haughey ◽  
Jennifer C McElwain ◽  
John A Finn
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Abstract Aims Research on the effects of extreme rainfall events on ecosystem function has primarily focussed on drought or flooding events, which usually include changes to mean or total rainfall, annually or over a season. However, less is known about the effects of increased rainfall variability without change to mean or total amounts. We investigated the effects of increased variation of water supply on shoot and root biomass as well as the distribution of root biomass of four grassland plant species, grown in monoculture and mixture communities. Methods Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., shallow-rooting grass), chicory (Cichorium intybus L., deep-rooting forb), white clover (Trifolium repens L., shallow-rooting legume) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L., deep-rooting legume) were established in mesocosms. Four plants of the same species were grown in monoculture communities and one of each species grown in four-species communities. Water supply was manipulated such that; compared with a baseline level with low variation in water supply, there was a treatment with medium variation (±40%) and another with high variation (±80%). Shoot and root biomass were measured, and vertical root distribution models fitted. Important Findings Compared with the low variation treatment, shoot biomass was significantly reduced under high variation for white clover, red clover and four-species communities. Under all conditions, four-species communities produced more shoot and root biomass than predicted by species performance in monoculture (overyielding). Under increased water variation, chicory monocultures allocated a higher proportion of root biomass to deeper soil layers while the total root biomass of white clover monocultures was significantly reduced. These results indicate that increased variability of water supply can negatively affect the shoot and root biomass production of single and multi-species grasslands. There is a need for further investigation of water variation effects on the functioning of multi-species grassland systems at field scale.

Wheat, Field Pea, and Canola Response to Glyphosate and AMPA Soil Residues

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
K. Neil Harker
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

The tripling of glyphosate use in the Canadian prairies during the past decade has raised concerns over the possible accumulation of glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA in soil over time and whether there could be any detrimental effects on crop production. A controlled environment study was conducted at two locations in Alberta, Canada, to determine glyphosate and AMPA soil concentrations that would injure wheat, field pea, and canola. Treatments included glyphosate acid or AMPA applied at 0, 10, 25, 100, 250, and 500 mg kg−1soil. Shoot and root biomass determinations 8 wk after emergence (WAE) indicated that shoot and root biomass of all crops progressively declined with increasing soil concentrations of glyphosate at both locations. In contrast, AMPA reduced crop shoot and root biomass at only one of two sites. Estimated soil concentrations of glyphosate causing 20% reductions in shoot and root biomass ranged from 80 to 190, 90 to 350, and 120 to 320 mg kg−1for field pea, canola, and wheat, respectively. Soil concentrations of AMPA causing 20% crop biomass reductions ranged from 40 to 70, 20 to 30, and 80 to 120 mg kg−1for field pea, canola, and wheat, respectively. Although substantial crop injury occurred in this study, it must be noted that these rates are very high in terms of field application rates that would be required to achieve these soil concentrations. Doses causing crop injury would convert to estimated glyphosate field rates ranging from 17.6 to 77 kg ha−1. Overall results indicate that even with frequent high-dose glyphosate applications over several years, the likelihood of wheat, field pea, and canola injury from soil residues is low. Nevertheless, there may be merit in greater monitoring of glyphosate and AMPA soil residues in cropping systems with high glyphosate utilization over a long time period.

scholarly journals Proofing Direct-Seeded Rice with Better Root Plasticity and Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6058
Author(s):  
Siddharth Panda ◽  
Prasanta Kumar Majhi ◽  
Annamalai Anandan ◽  
Anumalla Mahender ◽  
Sumanth Veludandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Aerobic Soil

The underground reserve (root) has been an uncharted research territory with its untapped genetic variation yet to be exploited. Identifying ideal traits and breeding new rice varieties with efficient root system architecture (RSA) has great potential to increase resource-use efficiency and grain yield, especially under direct-seeded rice, by adapting to aerobic soil conditions. In this review, we tried to mine the available research information on the direct-seeded rice (DSR) root system to highlight the requirements of different root traits such as root architecture, length, number, density, thickness, diameter, and angle that play a pivotal role in determining the uptake of nutrients and moisture at different stages of plant growth. RSA also faces several stresses, due to excess or deficiency of moisture and nutrients, low or high temperature, or saline conditions. To counteract these hindrances, adaptation in response to stress becomes essential. Candidate genes such as early root growth enhancer PSTOL1, surface rooting QTL qSOR1, deep rooting gene DRO1, and numerous transporters for their respective nutrients and stress-responsive factors have been identified and validated under different circumstances. Identifying the desired QTLs and transporters underlying these traits and then designing an ideal root architecture can help in developing a suitable DSR cultivar and aid in further advancement in this direction.

scholarly journals Variation in Growth Response of Coastal Dune-Building Grass Species Ammophila Arenaria and Leymus Arenarius to Sand Burial

Botanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Gederts Ievinsh ◽  
Una Andersone-Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Leymus Arenarius

AbstractAmmophila arenaria and Leymus arenarius are dune-building grass species native to European seacoasts. The present study aimed to compare growth responses to the sand burial of A. arenaria and L. arenarius from coastal habitats of the Baltic Sea, when the intensity of sand accretion was relatively low under controlled conditions. Plants were grown from seeds collected from natural coastal habitats, transplanted into individual containers, buried in the sand at different depths in the rapid shoot elongation stage, and further cultivated (11 or 9 weeks) in an automated greenhouse. Burial in sand significantly stimulated the growth of shoots of A. arenaria, the effect was earlier at high burial intensities (46 and 60%) and was evident ten days after the start of treatment. Both shoot and root dry mass increased for plants buried at 13%; however, increased burial depth (37, 46 and 60%) resulted in a significant increase in root biomass. In comparison, shoot biomass decreased significantly at the highest burial intensity (60%). For L. arenarius, there was no direct dependence of shoot elongation rate on burial depth. There was a tendency for increased elongation growth and biomass allocation to leaf sheaths despite a decrease in total shoot mass. Most strikingly, root biomass decreased with sand burial in parallel with increased burial depth up to 21% intensity. In conclusion, although both grass species showed a positive shoot growth response to moderate sand burial intensity, differences in individual responses at the morphological and physiological level indicate the existence of different genetically based adaptation strategies.

Phenotypic Plasticity of Blistering Ammannia (Ammannia baccifera) in Competition with Direct-Seeded Rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Weak Competitor ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Screen House ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Crop interference and weed-competitive cultivars are a component of integrated weed management, but their use requires understanding the extent to which rice can interfere with weed growth and how weeds may respond to rice interference. Growth of blistering ammannia was studied in a screen house by growing it alone or with rice seeded in rows (20 cm) or broadcast at the rate of 25 and 75 kg ha−1. The growth of blistering ammannia was similar whether grown with rice seeding rates of 25 or 75 kg ha−1or with broadcast or row-seeded rice, suggesting that the weed is a weak competitor if rice is planted uniformly. Rice interference greatly reduced the number of blistering ammannia leaves and leaf, stem, total shoot, and root biomass. However, the weed showed the ability to reduce the effects of rice interference by increasing leaf and stem biomass in the upper half of the plant, and increasing specific stem length. At 11 wk after planting, blistering ammannia had 71 to 80% leaf biomass in the upper half of the plant when grown with rice interference compared with only 29% when grown without rice interference. Despite such plasticity, blistering ammannia shoot and root biomass at final harvest decreased by 94 to 99% when grown with rice compared with its biomass without crop interference. These results suggest that blistering ammannia is a poor competitor and uniform rice density could be very effective in suppressing blistering ammannia in direct-seeded rice systems.

scholarly journals Lowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus L. affects growth and yield of rice under flooded conditions in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dindo King M. Donayre ◽  
Jessica Joyce L. Jimenez ◽  
Anna Maria Lourdes S. Latonio ◽  
Edwin C. Martin ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Experimental Runs ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

AbstractLowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus L. has been reported infesting irrigated lowland ricefields in the Philippines. Its effects on growth and yield of rice under flooded conditions are unknown. Two experimental runs were conducted in a screenhouse to determine the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus with transplanted rice and wet direct-seeded rice at a sowing density of 0, 22, 44, 66, and 88 tubers m-2; and its effect on growth and yield of rice. Except for height, growth variables of lowland ecotype C. rotundus were increased with the increase in its initial tuber densities. Compared with 22 tubers m-2, its number of off-shoots and tubers, and shoot and root biomass at 44 to 88 tubers m-2 increased by up to 3x. Growth variables of rice were reduced by the weed. Grain yield of transplanted rice was reduced by 14 to 38%; wet direct-seeded rice by 11 to 28%. Results suggest that lowland ecotype C. rotundus can grow well and reduce growth and yield of rice under flooded conditions. It also imply the need of developing a holistic weed control strategy against the weed.

Rice safety and control of penoxsulam resistant and susceptible barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) populations with soil-applied herbicides

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Jiapeng Fang ◽  
Liyao Dong
Keyword(s):  
Rice Fields ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
And Control

Abstract Resistance to penoxsulam among barnyardgrass populations is prevalent in rice fields in China. Seeds of penoxsulam-resistant (AXXZ-2) and -susceptible (JLGY-3) barnyardgrass populations, as well as the seeds of two rice varieties including Wuyungeng32 (WY) and Liangyou669 (LY) were planted in plastic pots and then treated with a rate titration of acetochlor, anilofos, butachlor, clomazone, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, pretilachlor, pyraclonil, or thiobencarb. The two barnyardgrass populations exhibited similar susceptibility to acetochlor, anilofos, butachlor, oxadiazon, pretilachlor, or pyraclonil. However, the susceptibility differed between the barnyardgrass populations in response to clomazone, pendimethalin, and thiobencarb. For AXXZ-2, herbicide rates that caused 50% reduction in shoot biomass from the nontreated control (GR50) were 179, >800, and 1798 g ha-1 for clomazone, pendimethalin, and thiobencarb, respectively; while JLGY-3 GR50 values were 61, 166, and 552 g ha-1, respectively. Both rice varieties demonstrated excellent tolerance to acetochlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, pretilachlor, and thiobencarb. However, substantial rice damage was observed with anilofos and clomazone. Anilofos at 352 g ha-1 and clomazone at 448 g ha-1 reduced rice shoot biomass by 41 and 50% from the nontreated, respectively. Averaged across herbicide rates, clomazone reduced rice shoot biomass from the nontreated control by 52 and 34% for WY and LY, respectively; and pendimethalin reduced rice shoot biomass from the nontreated control by 25 and 9% for WY and LY, respectively.

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