Effectiveness of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria Bassiana Against Large Cabbage-heart Caterpillar, Crocidolomia Pavonana Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Crocidolomia pavonana Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest on various cabbage crops in Indonesia. Various insecticides have been used to control this insect pest including several entomopathogenic fungi, and this cabbage caterpillar has become resistant to various insecticides. In order to develop insecticides from entomopathogenic fungi, species or varieties from natural area such as forest are needed. A bioassays of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria bassiana has been carried out in the laboratory. Inoculum of Cordyceps sp. obtained from the Dipterocarpaceae forest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia recovered from dead ants by the mycelium of Cordyceps sp. Four concentration of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria bassiana inoculum and tween80 as a control were tested against 3rd instar larvae of C. pavonana with five replications. Field efficacy trial was carried out in a screen house (8 x 12 M2) using Chinese cabbage plants (Brassica juncea) aged 28 days after sowing, with a spacing of 0.4 M between rows. Three formulation of Cordyceps sp. and tween80 as a control were used with 6 replications. The result of the bioassays in the laboratory showed that Cordyceps sp. with concentration of 1 x 107 conidia mL-1 was able to give 100% mortality od C. pavonana larvae, while B. bassiana with the same concentration caused morality of C. pavonana larvae of 98.33%, although statistically not significantly different. The results of probit analysis also showed that LC90 Cordyceps sp. against cabbage caterpillar larvae was 1.57 x 106 conidia mL-1, while B. bassiana required a concentration of 2.6 x 106 conidia mL-1 to reach the LC90 value. The results of filed trial showed that the formulation of Cordyceps sp. 1 x 107 conidia mL-1 using palm oil cooking oil was able to give an average mortality of 86.7%, and significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other treatment. The results of this study indicate that the inoculum of Cordyceps sp. from Dipterocarpaceae forest is very promising to be developed as an insecticide to control C. pavonana in cabbage

Biochemical Estimations of Tetranychus urticae Koch Infested Marigold Leaves in Summer and Winter Seasons under Screen House and Field Conditions

Background: African marigolds an important medicinal and ornamental plant is grown throughout the world. The two spotted red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae is one of the most destructive pests of the crop. Methods: Estimation of various minerals and stress measures of T. urticae infested and non infested leaves was performed in two seasons namely summer and winter under both screen house and field conditions. ANOVA was analysed under two factorial Completely Randomized Design. Mite population per leaf was correlated with each biochemical measures and statistical significance of data was analyzed. Result: Significantly lower nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content was recorded in infested (2.01, 0.307, 1.509% dry weight) leaves as compared to uninfested leaves (2.93, 0.387, 1.874% dry weight) respectively. Summer season reported higher per cent loss in mineral content as compared to the winter season. The content of total phenol and proline was significantly more in infested leaves (18.75 mg/g, 57.07 µ/100 g) as compared to the uninfested leaves (11.42 mg/g and 47.50 µ/100 g). The per cent increase of phenol and proline ranged from (43.90 and 20.81%) in summer and (42.90 and 17.45%) in winter, respectively.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Arang Sekam dan Pupuk Organik Cair terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Pakcoy (Brasicca rapa L.)

This research aims to determine: 1) the effect of the comparison of the use of husk charcoal growing media with soil on the growth of pakcoy plants, 2) the effect of the application of liquid organic fertilizer (SO-Kontan Fert) on the growth of pakcoy plants, 3) the effect of a combination of rice husk planting media with soil and POC (SO-Kontan Fert) application to the growth of pakcoy plants. This research was conducted from January to March 2020 at the screen house of Melung Village, Baturraden District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java and the Agronomy and Horticulture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, with Andisol soil types. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design (RAKL) with a 2-factor factorial design. The first factor is husk charcoal (M), namely, M0 = without husk charcoal, M1 = soil + husk charcoal (1: 1), M2 = soil (2: 1), soil + husk charcoal (3: 1). The second factor is the concentration of POC SO-Kontan Fert (P), namely, P0 = 0 ml POC SO-Kontan Fert / Lt water, P1 = 5 ml POC SO-Kontan Fert / Lt water, P2 = 10 ml POC SO-Kontan Fert / Lt water, P3 = 15 ml POC SO-Kontan Fert / Lt water. Results of the research showed that giving husk charcoal to pakcoy plant media at a ratio of 3: 1 was able to increase plant height by 47.19 cm and leaf length by 26.13 cm ,. A ratio of 2: 1 can increase leaf greenness by 2.8 units. The application of liquid organic fertilizer (SO-Kontan Fert) with a concentration of 5 ml / l was able to increase the number of leaves by 6.59.

Fungal Pathogens Associated with Damping-off Disease of Cashew Seedlings in Nigeria

Aim: This study was designed to isolate fungal pathogens associated with damping-off of cashew seedlings. Study Design: The cashew seedlings for this study were selected randomly from a number of infected cashew seedlings in the screen house. Methodology: Associated fungal pathogens were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified using their characteristics and morphological features observed under the microscope with reference to published identification manuals. Results: The result showed that damping-off of cashew seedling is mostly associated with fungal pathogens such as such as Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pythium spp., Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Aspergillus niger, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. However, Fusarium spp, and Pythium spp. were predominant and frequently isolated than other pathogens. Conclusion: The knowledge of these pathogens is important for designing strategies to safeguard cashew plant health against diseases in order to ensure sustainable cashew production in Nigeria.

Interactions of Growth Environmental and Application of GA3 Concentration On Shallot Productivity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of technology using GA3 and agro-climate-based growing environment to increase shallot production in the lowlands. The study was designed with a nested factorial design, where the replicates were nested in an agro-climatic environment. The growing environment used consists of three conditions, namely open nature (e1), screen house (e2), UV plastic (e3). Meanwhile, the GA3 concentration (g) factor used consists of 4 levels, namely 0 ppm (g0), 100 ppm (g1), 200 ppm (g2) and 300 ppm (g3). This research design will be repeated 3 times for each treatment, so that the total experimental plot is 36 experimental units. The characters observed consisted of six characters, namely the number of leaves, absorption, reflection, tuber fresh weight, tuber diameter and tuber production. The results of this study indicate that GA3 treatment and UV application are very influential in increasing the productivity of shallots. The combination of 200 ppm GA3 concentration with the use of UV is the recommended technology in shallot cultivation. The fresh weight character of the tuber is a recommended secondary character in evaluating the potential of shallot cultivation technology. Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No. KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245.

PROVISION OF MICRORHIZA FUNGI AGAINST SALINE STRESS IN CHILI PLANTS

This experiment was a factorial randomized block design (RAK). The screen house used was the screen house of the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Indonesian National Islamic University. The land was taken from the coast of Kuala Kab. Bireuen, Aceh. Soil was taken from the top soil layer with a depth of 0-25 cm. Mycorrhizae were placed in planting holes around the root area at a depth of 2-3 cm according to the treatment per plant before the seeds were planted in polybags. Then the planting hole that has been given mycorrhizae is covered again with soil. Mycorrhizal application was carried out once at the time of seed planting. Harvesting can be done by picking the fruit and its stalk. The analysis was carried out to determine the level of ability of mycorrhizal species to help plants in the absorption of P nutrients to maximize chili plant production, the effect of chili varieties had a significant effect on root infection at 45 DAP, a very significant effect on stem diameter at 15 DAP, wet root weight, number of fruit planted, dry weight. fruit, had a significant effect on plant height at 15 DAP, stem diameter at 30 DAP and fruit weight at planting, but had no significant effect on plant height at 30 and 45 DAP, stem diameter at 45 DAP, number of leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP, weight dry root, root wet weight, root dry weight, root length, number of productive branches 45 DAP. The results showed that the variety had a very significant effect on the growth of chili plants. The best variety was found in the Lado variety in the vegetative phase which could be seen from the variables of plant height 15 and 30 DAP, stem diameter at 15 and 30 DAP, number of leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP. While the generative phase of the best variety was found in the PM 999 variety which could be seen in the variables Number of fruit, fruit weight, dry weight, root wet weight and root length.

Aplikasi POC POMI dan Kompos Tricho Jagung Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kailan (Brassica oleraceae.L)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak konsentrasi POC POMI dengan dosis kompos tricho jagung pada pertumbuhan kailan (Brassica oleraceae. L). Penelitian dilaksanakan di dalam Screen House Auto Agronom Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Islam Riau (UIR), Kota Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini adalah percobaan faktorial 4x4 dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu faktor P (POC POMI) yang terdiri dari empat taraf perlakuan dan faktor T (Kompos Tricho Jagung) juga dengan empat taraf perlakuan dengan tiga kali ulagan. Sehingga terdapat 48 plot, dalam satu plot terdapat 8 tanaman sedangkan sampel diambil 4 tanaman secara acak pada masing – masing plot. Secara keseluruhan jumlah tanaman kailan yang digunakan sebanyak 384 batang. inggi tanaman (cm), jumlah daun (helai) dan volume akar (cm3) merupakan parameter utama dalam penelitian ini. Interaksi konsentrasi POC POMI serta dosis kompos tricho jagung menunjukkan pengaruh pada tinggi tanaman dengan perlakuan terbaik konsentrasi POC POMI 15 ml/polybag serta kompos tricho jagung dosis 150 g / polybag. Perlakuan tunggal POC POMI berpengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh parameter pengamatan dengan perlakuan terbaik konsentrasi POC POMI 15 ml/polybag. Sedangkan pemberian kompos tricho jagung secara tunggal juga pengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh parameter pengamatan. Perlakuan terbaik dengan dosis kompos tricho jagung 150 g / polybag.

Assessment of leaf miner Liriomyza spp (diptera: Agromyzidae) damage on tomato and the yield output in Ilorin, Southern Guinea Savannah, Nigeria

Tomato plays an important nutritional role in human diet. Although, Nigeria is the largest producers of tomato in Africa, its production is threatened by the invasive polyphagous insect pest belonging to the genus Liriomyza. An experiment was conducted to enumerate the level of damage of the agromyzid fly Liriomyza spp on the tomato variety, UC82B. Infestations were observed on potted tomato plants and studied from December 2016 to March, 2017. The experimental treatment consisted of both screen house and field trials. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. Data were collected on the number of tomato leaves mined by larvae of the pest every week after transplanting (WAT) and on the total weight of tomato fruits harvested. Using t-test statistical analysis, results revealed that tomato plants grown in the field were the most infested by the insect pest from 5 to 10 WAT having significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean population of the pest when compared to the screen house which had little or no infestation. However, there was no significant difference in the leaf damage by Liriomyza spp from 2 to 4 WAT. Tomato fruits harvested at the end of the experiment were weighed and observation showed that the screen house gave more fruit yield (90.80±6.10g) compared to the field experiment (24.20±2.27g) which was significantly lower due to leaf miner flies’ damage on tomato leaves. Therefore, appropriate control measures of the insect pest are recommended where screen houses may not be accessible.

Effect of Grafting Dates on Success and Growth of Kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) Sapling

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of grafting dates on the success and growth of kumquat sapling during 2017-18 at Banepa, Kavre to standardize suitable grafting time. The experiment was conducted in a single factor completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of five grafting dates which viz., 25th November, 10th December, 25th December, 10th January and 25th January. Scion collected from the mother plant of kumquat was grafted onto two years old trifoliate orange rootstock by side veneer method at 15 days intervals under screen house. The data were recorded at every 30 days interval and found a significant effect of grafting dates on most of the economically important parameters such as graft success percent, the mortality of sprouted grafts, sapling height, number of leaves per sapling and leaf area. The result revealed that 100% graft success was observed on the grafts prepared in January. The highest mortality (13.68±0.58%) was reported on 25th November grafted sapling. The sapling height (39.68±3.68 cm), number of leaves per sapling (23.12±3.43) and leaf area (16.34±1.05 cm2) were found superior for 10th January grafted sapling while the number of primary and secondary branches per sapling were found non-significant for all grafting dates. Therefore, the study revealed that 10th January was the most suitable time for grafting of kumquat under Kavre, Nepal conditions.

Antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants as defense mechanism of salinity stress in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)—Ife brown and Ife bpc

Background Several mechanisms had been exhibited by plants to mitigate deleterious effects of salinity stress. A screen house experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress on the activities of osmolytes (antioxidative and non-antioxidative enzymes) in the leaves of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)—Ife brown and Ife bpc, with the aim of better understanding the biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance. Salts of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) at 5, 10 and 15 dS/m concentrations were used for this study. The saline solution was prepared following standard methods. Proline, lipid peroxidase (LP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were determined following standard protocols. Results Results showed that minimum proline content (12.07 mg/g) and maximum proline determination (16.05 mg/g) were observed in Ife bpc at 5 and at 15 dS/m under NaCl and Na2SO4 treatments. The LP content significantly increased in Ife brown at 15 dS/m under NaCl treatment and at 10 dS/m (9.49 mg/g) under Na2SO4 salinity. Minimum GSH content (120 µm/g) and maximum glutathione accumulation (138.97 µm/g) were observed in Ife bpc in the stressed cowpea seedlings (5 and 10 dS/m) under NaCl treatment with respect to the control. Also, SOD activities in the leaves of Ife brown increase with increase in salinity stress in both NaCl and Na2SO4 treatments. Conclusions This study concludes that the accumulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants is capable of detoxifying and scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating salinity-induced oxidative damage.