Seed Biology of the Invasive Species Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum) in Northwest China

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilinuer Shalimu ◽  
Juan Qiu ◽  
Dunyan Tan ◽  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank ◽  
Impermeable Seed Coat

Buffalobur is an invasive summer annual species in Xinjiang Province, China. Our purpose was to investigate certain aspects of the seed biology of this weedy species that might be useful in controlling it. In contrast to a previous report that fresh seeds have physical (water-impermeable seed coat) plus physiological (low growth potential of embryo) dormancy, our results, along with those of others, verify that the seeds have only physiological dormancy. The seed's coat is water-permeable, the embryo is fully developed at seed maturity, and dormancy can be broken by cold stratification in the field during winter and early spring. Fifty-five percent of seeds buried in the soil in autumn germinated in the soil the following May, and 53% of the remaining nongerminated seeds germinated when tested in light in the laboratory. Thus, about 20% of the seeds did not germinate but were viable, demonstrating that the species forms at least a short-lived persistent seed bank. This information will be useful in planning a management strategy for this highly invasive species in northwest China.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽  
Maor Matzrafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

Morphological and physiological dormancy in seeds of Aegopodium podagraria (Apiaceae) broken successively during cold stratification

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Vandelook ◽  
Nele Bolle ◽  
Jozef A. Van Assche
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Temperature Requirement ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Chilling Period

AbstractA low-temperature requirement for dormancy break has been observed frequently in temperate-climate Apiaceae species, resulting in spring emergence of seedlings. A series of experiments was performed to identify dormancy-breaking requirements of Aegopodium podagraria, a nitrophilous perennial growing mainly in mildly shaded places. In natural conditions, the embryos in seeds of A. podagraria grow in early winter. Seedlings were first observed in early spring and seedling emergence peaked in March and April. Experiments using temperature-controlled incubators revealed that embryos in seeds of A. podagraria grow only at low temperatures (5°C), irrespective of a pretreatment at higher temperatures. Seeds did not germinate immediately after embryo growth was completed, instead an additional cold stratification period was required to break dormancy completely. Once dormancy was broken, seeds germinated at a range of temperatures. Addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) had a positive effect on embryo growth in seeds incubated at 10°C and at 23°C, but it did not promote germination. Since seeds of A. podagraria have a low-temperature requirement for embryo growth and require an additional chilling period after completion of embryo growth, they exhibit characteristics of deep complex morphophysiological dormancy.

Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Secondary Vegetation ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Perennial Shrub ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Open Forests

Abstract Desmodium cajanifolium is a perennial shrub considered as invasive in Hawaii, USA, by Frohlich and Lau (2012), who reported it as a weedy species naturalised along roadsides, open forests and secondary vegetation on the Big Island and Kaua'i. At the same time, Benitez et al. (2012) report D. cajanifolium as a species that is rarely found along roadsides and in forests in Hawaii. D. cajanifolium is not listed as an invasive species on Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk (PIER, 2020). No details about its effects over other species or habitats are given.Desmodium cajanifolium is listed as potentially invasive in Cuba, being classified as a species with a tendency to proliferate in some areas and producing vast amounts of diaspores with a high dispersal capacity (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012). It is considered as uncommon in parts of its native distribution (Flora of Nicaragua, 2020) and as scattered throughout its range (Flora of Panama, 2020).

scholarly journals Seed morphology and allelopathy of invasive Praxelis clematidea

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-272
Author(s):  
Suphannika INTANON ◽  
Buntoon WIENGMOON ◽  
Carol A. MALLORY-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Biology

Praxelis [Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Rob.] is an invasive species that infests many agricultural systems globally, such as orchards, rubber plantations, and other economic crops. The purpose of this research was to study seed morphology, germination factors, and allelopathy of aboveground parts of P. clematidea. P. clematidea seeds are small, light, and possess pappi that allow them to be dispersed easily by wind or animals. Among four P. clematidea populations collected from different provinces in Thailand, the size of P. clematidea seeds ranged from 2.6 to 3.2 mm in length, 0.6 to 0.7 mm in width, and were 0.4 mm in thickness. The weight of P. clematidea seeds ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 mg. P. clematidea had about 44 to 48 seeds per head. Seeds germinated over a temperature range of 20 to 30 °C while high (45 °C) and low (10 °C) temperatures reduced germination. Maximum germination occurred when seeds were planted on the soil surface. No seedlings germinated when seeds were planted at a depth more than 1 cm. P. clematidea extracts from aerial plant parts at concentrations of 25 and 50% inhibited seedling growth of hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.). Basic knowledge of the seed biology of P. clematidea and allelochemicals can help in understanding the invasiveness and in developing management strategies for this weed.

Seed Dormancy and Adaptive Seedling Emergence Timing in Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Schutte ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier ◽  
S. Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Embryo Dormancy ◽  
Time Required

Giant ragweed germination is delayed by both a physiological dormancy of the embryo (embryo dormancy) and an inhibitory influence of embryo-covering structures (covering structure-enforced [CSE] dormancy). To clarify the roles of embryo and CSE dormancy in giant ragweed seedling emergence timing, we conducted two experiments to address the following objectives: (1) determine changes in germinability for giant ragweed dispersal units (hereafter “involucres”) and their components under natural burial conditions, and (2) compare embryo and CSE dormancy alleviation and emergence periodicity between successional and agricultural populations. In Experiment 1, involucres were buried in crop fields at Columbus, OH, periodically excavated, and brought to the laboratory for dissection. Involucres, achenes, and embryos were then subjected to germination assays at 20 C. In Experiment 2, temporal patterns of seedling emergence were determined at a common burial site. Reductions in embryo and CSE dormancy were compared with controlled-environment stratification followed by germination assays at 12 and 20 C, temperatures representative of soil conditions in spring and summer. Results indicated that overwinter dormancy loss involved sequential reductions in embryo and CSE dormancy. CSE dormancy, which may limit potential for fatal germination during fall, was caused by the pericarp and/or embryo-covering structures within the pericarp. In Experiment 2, successional populations emerged synchronously in early spring, whereas agricultural populations emerged throughout the growing season. Levels of embryo dormancy were greater in the agricultural populations than the successional populations, but CSE dormancy levels were similar among populations. In 12 C germination assays, embryo dormancy levels were positively correlated with time required to reach 95% cumulative emergence (run 1:r= 0.81, P = 0.03; run 2:r= 0.76, P = 0.05). These results suggest that late-season emergence in giant ragweed involves high levels of embryo dormancy that prevent germination at low temperatures in spring.

Seed germination of coastal monsoon vine forest species in the Northern Territory, Australia, and contrasts with evergreen rainforest

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidushi Thusithana ◽  
Sean M. Bellairs ◽  
Christine S. Bach
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Climax Species ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Germination Traits ◽  
Prevalent Form

Seed germination traits of seasonal rainforest species differ from permanently moist evergreen rainforest species due to the prolonged seasonal drought. We investigated whether seed germination traits used to categorise evergreen rainforest species into pioneer and climax guilds were applicable to seasonal rainforest species. Seed dormancy, light requirements for germination and seed storage types of five climax and thirteen pioneer species of a coastal vine thicket were studied. Results were compared with published studies of evergreen rainforest species. Evergreen rainforest pioneer species are typically dormant, require light to germinate and tolerate desiccation, whereas climax species are typically non-dormant, tolerate shade during germination and are sensitive to desiccation. In seasonal rainforest we found that a high proportion of pioneer species had seeds that were non-dormant (62%), and a high proportion of pioneer species germinated equally well in light and dark conditions. In seasonal rainforest, we found that the majority of climax species had desiccation tolerant seeds, whereas in evergreen rainforest the proportion of climax species producing desiccation sensitive seeds is equal to or greater than the proportion of species with desiccation tolerant seeds. In seasonal rainforest species physical, physiological and epicotyl dormancy types were found. Generally, for seasonal rainforest species, the prevalent form of dormancy in pioneer species was physical dormancy whereas physiological dormancy was most common in evergreen rainforest pioneer species with dormancy. Our results suggest that the contrasting seed biology traits that typically apply to pioneer and climax species of evergreen rainforest species don’t typically apply to seasonal rainforest species.

scholarly journals Seed dormancy in Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae): effects of cold-stratification and exogenous gibberellic acid application on germination

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danping Song ◽  
Ganesh K. Jaganathan ◽  
Yingying Han ◽  
Baolin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank ◽  
Natural Dispersal

There are several different opinions regarding dormancy in tea (Camellia sinensis L.), but there is no strong evidence available to conclude whether or not these seeds are dormant. Freshly matured tea seeds collected from Hangzhou, China, at the natural dispersal time did not germinate in light at daily alternative temperature regimes of 10/15, 15/20, 20/25, or 25/35 °C, or at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Seeds were permeable to water and the embryos did not grow prior to radicle emergence, thus, the seeds have no physical, morphological, or morphophysiological dormancy. When cold-stratified at 4 °C for 1, 2, and 3 months, 64%, 88%, and 93% of the seeds germinated, respectively. Intact fresh seeds failed to germinate after treatment with 0, 10, 500, and 1000 ppm GA3, whereas 3%, 4%, 61%, and 86% of cracked seeds germinated, respectively. Thus, the seeds have nondeep and intermediate physiological dormancy. Seeds cold-stratified for 2 months that were buried at soil depths of 0, 1, and 5 cm in pots showed that seeds at 1 cm depth established significantly higher number of seedlings (P < 0.05) than at other two depths. Because tea seeds are susceptible to summer temperature drying, these seeds do not establish a persistent seed bank.

Activation and regulation of primary metabolism during seed germination

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Rosental ◽  
Hiroyuki Nonogaki ◽  
Aaron Fait
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Radicle Protrusion ◽  
Transcript Profiles

AbstractSeed germination is regulated in a concerted manner that involves generating growth potential in the embryo to overcome the mechanical resistance of the endosperm. The wake-up call of a dry seed includes the reorganization of subcellular structures and the reactivation of metabolism in a dense, oxygen-poor environment. Pools of unbound metabolites and solutes produced by the degradation of storage reserves, including starch, proteins and oils, in the embryo can contribute to the generation of the embryo growth potential and radicle protrusion. Recent genomics studies have contributed a vast amount of data on protein, metabolite and gene transcript profiles during germination, which can be integrated to explore the seed metabolism from water imbibition to radicle protrusion. To what extent are free pools of metabolites relevant to the reorganization of seed metabolism? How is energy built to support embryo growth and radicle protrusion? Elucidating these fundamental questions in seed biology is the key to the understanding of the germination process. Here we have attempted to summarize the recent scientific knowledge to provide a comprehensive description of the ignition, reassembling and regulation of metabolism during seed germination.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Influences the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Solanum rostratum Dunal Seedlings From Different Geographical Populations in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailun Yu ◽  
Xueyong Zhao ◽  
Wenda Huang ◽  
Jin Zhan ◽  
Yuanzheng He
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Geographical Populations

Extensive studies have shown that the success of invasive plants in large environmental gradients can be partly attributed to related factors, including phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution. To enhance their ability to compete and invade, invasive plants often show higher morphological and physiological plasticity to adapt to different habitat conditions. In the past two decades, invasive species have expanded to some new habitats in North and Northwest China, including arid oasis agricultural zones, which are disturbed by human activities, and the ecosystem itself is very fragile. To evaluate the ecological adaptability of invasive plants widely distributed in North and Northwest China, we studied the physiological response and tolerance mechanism of different geographical populations of Solanum rostratum Dunal to different drought-stress gradients in extremely arid regions (Xinjiang population) and semi-arid regions (Inner Mongolia population). The results showed that with the aggravation of drought stress, S. rostratum from different geographical populations adopted different physiological mechanisms to drought stress. Xinjiang population was mostly affected by root/shoot ratio and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, showing higher plasticity in the net and total photosynthetic rates, while the Inner Mongolia population mainly relied on the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, higher leaf dry matter content, and increased malondialdehyde to cope with drought stress. Based on these results, we concluded that the physiological responses of S. rostratum invading different habitats in northern China to drought stress were significantly different. The drought resistance of the Xinjiang population was higher than that of the Inner Mongolia population. In general, S. rostratum can be widely adapted to both harsh and mild habitats through phenotypic plasticity, threatening agricultural production and ecological environment security in northern China.

scholarly journals Cool–Warm Temperature Stratification and Simulated Bird Digestion Optimize Removal of Dormancy in Rosa rugosa Seeds

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Gao ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Sihan Wang ◽  
Wuhua Zhang ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Rosa Rugosa ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Mechanical Constraint

Rosa rugosa Thunb. has been explored multi-function in medicinal, edible, cosmetic, ornamental and ecological etc. However, R. rugosa natural populations have recently declined substantially in China, besides of global climate change, this species also has the defect of limiting the reproduction of itself such as the hard-to-release seed dormancy. In this study, only 30% of R. rugosa seeds were viable, and the others were incompletely developed or diseased seeds. Without stratification, morphologically complete viable seeds imbibed water but those seeds could not germinate even after seed husk removal under suitable condition to exhibit a physiological dormancy. After cold (4°C) and warm (18 ± 2°C) stratification, macromolecular substances containing carbon or nitrogen accumulated, and respiration, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gibberellin (GA3) /abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA)/ABA ratios increased significantly in seeds. Water absorption also increased as endocarps softened. Thus, physiological dormancy of seed was broken. Although warm and cold stratification increased separation between endocarp and embryo, the endocarp binding force was removed insufficiently, because only 10.20% of seeds germinated. Therefore, stratified seeds were treated with simulated bird digestion. Then, folds and cracks in loosened endocarps increased permeability, and water absorption rate increased to 64.43% compare to 21.14% in cold and warm stratification treatment. With simulated digestion, 24.20% of radicles broke through the endocarp with plumules and cambiums to develop into seedlings. Thus, the seed dormancy type of R. rugosa is physiological as seeds imbibed water and possessed fully developed embryos with a low growth potential in combination with a mechanical constraint from the endocarp. Cold stratification helped remove physiological dormancy, and additional warm stratification accelerated the process. The optimal stratification treatment was 4°C for 45 days followed by 18 ± 2°C for 15 days. After warm and cold stratification, simulated bird digestion broke the mechanical constraint from the seed covering layers. Based on this research, production of R. rugosa seedlings can be greatly increased to help protect the species from further declines.

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