Activation and regulation of primary metabolism during seed germination

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Rosental ◽  
Hiroyuki Nonogaki ◽  
Aaron Fait
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Radicle Protrusion ◽  
Transcript Profiles

AbstractSeed germination is regulated in a concerted manner that involves generating growth potential in the embryo to overcome the mechanical resistance of the endosperm. The wake-up call of a dry seed includes the reorganization of subcellular structures and the reactivation of metabolism in a dense, oxygen-poor environment. Pools of unbound metabolites and solutes produced by the degradation of storage reserves, including starch, proteins and oils, in the embryo can contribute to the generation of the embryo growth potential and radicle protrusion. Recent genomics studies have contributed a vast amount of data on protein, metabolite and gene transcript profiles during germination, which can be integrated to explore the seed metabolism from water imbibition to radicle protrusion. To what extent are free pools of metabolites relevant to the reorganization of seed metabolism? How is energy built to support embryo growth and radicle protrusion? Elucidating these fundamental questions in seed biology is the key to the understanding of the germination process. Here we have attempted to summarize the recent scientific knowledge to provide a comprehensive description of the ignition, reassembling and regulation of metabolism during seed germination.

The expansin EXP1 gene in the elongation zone is induced during soybean embryonic axis germination and differentially expressed in response to ABA and PEG treatments

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nidia H. Montechiarini ◽  
Luciana Delgado ◽  
Eligio N. Morandi ◽  
Néstor J. Carrillo ◽  
Carlos O. Gosparini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Elongation Zone ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Embryonic Axes

Abstract During soybean seed germination, the expansive growth potential of the embryonic axes is driven by water uptake while cell wall loosening occurs in cells from the elongation zone (EZ). Expansins are regarded as primary promoters of cell wall remodelling in all plant expansion processes, with the expression profiles of the soybean expansins supporting their cell or tissue specificity. Therefore, we used embryonic axes isolated from whole seed and focused on the EZ to study seed germination. Using a suite of degenerate primers, we amplified an abundantly expressed expansin gene at the EZ during soybean embryonic axis germination, which was identified as EXP1 by in silico analyses. Expression studies showed that EXP1 was induced under germination conditions in distilled water and down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), which inhibits soybean germination by physiologically restraining expansion. Moreover, we also identified a time window of ABA responsiveness within the first 6 h of incubation in water, after which ABA lost control of both EXP1 expression and embryonic axis germination, thus confirming the early role of EXP1 in the EZ during this process. By contrast, EXP1 levels in the EZ increased even when germination was impaired by osmotically limiting the water availability required to develop the embryonic axes’ growth potential. We propose that these higher EXP1 levels are involved in the fast germination of soybean embryonic axes as soon as water availability is re-established. Taken together, our results show strong EXP1 expression in the EZ and postulate EXP1 as a target candidate for soybean seed germination control.

Abscisic acid controls embryo growth potential and endosperm cap weakening during coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination

Planta ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Amaral da Silva ◽  
Peter E. Toorop ◽  
Adriaan C. van Aelst ◽  
Henk W. M. Hilhorst
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Growth Potential

Seed germination biology of sweet acacia (Vachellia farnesiana) and response of its seedlings to herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Shane Campbell ◽  
Victor J. Galea
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Sweet acacia [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Willd.]is a problematic thorny weed species in several parts of Australia. Knowledge of its seed biology could help to formulate weed management decisions for this and other similar species. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hot water (scarification), alternating temperatures, light, salt stress, and water stress on seed germination of two populations of V. farnesiana and to evaluate the response of its young seedlings (the most sensitive development stage) to commonly available POST herbicides in Australia. Both populations behaved similarly to all the environmental factors and herbicides; therefore, data were pooled over the populations. Seeds immersed in hot water at 90 C for 10 min provided the highest germination (88%), demonstrating physical dormancy in this species. Seeds germinated at a wide range of alternating day/night temperatures from 20/10 C (35%) to 35/25 C (90%) but no seeds germinated at 15/5 C. Germination was not affected by light, suggesting that seeds are nonphotoblastic and can germinate under a plant canopy or when buried in soil. Germination was not affected by sodium chloride concentrations up to 20 mM and about 50% of seeds could germinate at 160 mM sodium chloride, suggesting its high salt tolerance ability. Germination was only 13% at −0.2 MPa osmotic potential and no seeds germinated at −0.4 MPa, suggesting that V. farnesiana seeds may remain ungerminated until moisture conditions have become conducive for germination. A number of POST herbicides, including 2,4-D + picloram, glufosinate, paraquat and saflufenacil, provided >85% control of biomass of young seedlings compared with the nontreated control treatment. Knowledge gained from this study will help to predict the potential spread of V. farnesiana in other areas and help to integrate herbicide use with other management strategies.

Gene transcript profiles in the desert plant Nitraria tangutorum during fruit development and ripening

2015 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-398
Author(s):  
Jia Wang ◽  
Zhenhua Dang ◽  
Huirong Zhang ◽  
Linlin Zheng ◽  
Tebuqin Borjigin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Desert Plant ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Nitraria Tangutorum ◽  
Transcript Profiles

Developmental studies of the stratification–germination process in sugar maple embryos

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Shih ◽  
E. B. Dumbroff ◽  
Carol A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Radicle Protrusion ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Key Events

Changes in the anatomy, morphology, and stored food reserves of stratifying (5 °C) sugar maple embryos were followed from a strongly dormant state through germination. The correlation of cell division and cell elongation with radicle protrusion was also investigated. No morphological or anatomical changes were observed before first maturation of phloem elements on the 17th day of stratification. Mature xylem elements were first observed on day 37, and first germination was noted on day 38. Radicle protrusion was initiated by cell elongation, and cell division was not active for several days after emergence and a marked increase in lengths of the axes had occurred. Changes in amounts of protein, lipid, and starch were not observed during the stratification period, but mobilization of stored reserves was clearly evident with emergence of the radicles. Several of these key events appeared to be closely associated with previously described peaks and patterns of growth regulator activity.

scholarly journals Can tortoises facilitate the germination of plants with dry fruits? A simulation of the effects of Chelonoidis carbonarius (Testudines: Testudinidae) on the germination of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-666
Author(s):  
João Fabrício Mota Rodrigues ◽  
Sâmia Paiva de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Acidic Condition ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Acidic Conditions

Abstract Ingestion of seeds by vertebrates may influence seed germination and dispersion. However the mechanisms responsible by these effects and the importance of turtles in these interactions are still poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate how Chelonoidis carbonarius influences the germination process of Leucaena leucocephala using an experiment conducted at the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, that simulates the passage of the seeds of this plant through the digestive tract of C. carbonarius: stomach acidic condition and seeds sown in feces. We demonstrated that sowing the seeds in feces of Chelonoidis carbonarius has a negative effect on the germination of Leucaena leucocephala, decreasing the germination speed index of the seeds, while the acidic conditions have a neutral one. This study is a first attempt to understand how turtles and tortoises may influence the seed germination, and the implications of these findings in natural environments deserve further investigations.

Seed Fecundity, Persistence, and Germination Biology of Prairie Groundcherry (Physalis hederifolia) in Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanwen Wu ◽  
Rex Stanton ◽  
Deirdre Lemerle
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Plant Fecundity ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Viable Seeds

AbstractPrairie groundcherry [Physalis hederifolia(A. Gray) var.fendleri(A. Gray) Cronquist] is an invasive perennial weed with the potential to become a significant summer weed across 409 million hectares in Australia. Current management practices do not provide effective control of established populations. A better understanding of the seed biology is needed to effectively manage this weed. A series of field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine plant fecundity, soil seedbank longevity, and the factors that affect seed germination.Physalis hederifoliahas the capacity to produce 66 to 86 berries plant−1, 51 to 74 seeds berry−1, and approximately 4,500 seeds plant−1, with the seeds potentially able to persist in the soil seedbank for 20 yr if buried in an intact dry berry pod. The bare-seed component of the soil seedbank can be virtually exhausted within 3 yr if cultivation is minimized to avoid burial of seed. Optimal temperature for germination is diurnal fluctuations of 15 C within the temperature range of 10 and 30 C. Increasing osmotic stress levels reduced the germination under all temperature regimes, with less than 6% germination occurring at −0.96 MPa.Physalis hederifoliaseed germination was not significantly affected by substrate pH 4 to 10 or salt levels less than 160 mM, while the germination was significantly reduced at NaCl concentrations above 160 mM. These results suggest thatP. hederifoliacan adapt to a range of substrate conditions. Stopping seed set, avoiding grazing plants with viable seeds, and minimizing seed burial in the soil are some effective strategies to control this weed.

Action of nitric oxide on the physiological potential and biochemical mechanisms of pea seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Coelho Sekita ◽  
Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias ◽  
Daniel Teixeira Pinheiro ◽  
Aparecida Leonir da Silva ◽  
Antônio César Batista Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Water Control ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Germination Vigor ◽  
Pea Seed

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) can act in biochemical pathways of the germination process; however, there is little information about how it acts on the performance of pea seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of NO on pea seed germination and vigor. Pea seeds cv. Itapuã 600 obtained from three seed lots with different levels of physiological quality were sown in a substrate moistened with water (control) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution, a NO donor (50 μM), to assess germination, vigor, activity of antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and amylase activity. NO application does not alter pea seed germination, but it increases vigor. It is more effective in seeds with lower physiological potential. In addition, NO leads to reduction in oxidative stress, favors the translocation of reserves to the embryo, and has potential for use in the treatment of pea seeds to increase seed vigor.

scholarly journals Effect of Diffusates of Parthenium hysterophorous on Seed Germination of Raphanus sativus L.

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
VR Paudel ◽  
VNP Gupta ◽  
VP Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Correlation Factor ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Maximum Inhibition ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Level Of Significance

The present investigation focused on the effects of plant and seed diffusates of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on seed germination of Raphanus sativus L. Level of glucose in germinating seeds as an indirect measure of amylase activity was estimated. About 91.66% viable seed of Raphanus sativus were treated in different concentrations of rhizospheric soil diffusates (PD) and germinating seed diffusates (SD) of Parthenium hysterophorus. Both diffusates were found effective to retard and minimize the germination of Raphanus seeds. The maximum inhibition for both cases was found at 100 % concentrations of the diffusates. The correlation analysis revealed the correlation factor - 0.784 between PD concentrations and Raphanus seed germination and that of - 0.889 between SD concentrations and Raphanus seed germination with 5% level of significance. This indicated that the increase in concentrations played negative role in germination process of Raphanus seeds. The results were interpreted in terms of the possible roles of "Parthenin", a sesquiterpene-lactone which is known to be present in Parthenium hysterophorus. Key words: Sesquiterpenes; Allelopathy; Parthenin. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3820 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.29-32  

scholarly journals Seed Germination and Physiological Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cultivars under Saline Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Carmen BEINSAN ◽  
Renata SUMALAN ◽  
Giancarla VELICEVICI ◽  
Adriana CIULCA ◽  
Radu SUMALAN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Germination Process

The purpose of the experiment was to highlight the germination of sunflower seeds affected by the presence of saline stress and the identification of tolerant genotypes. The biological material was represented by sunflower cvs. (Helianthus annuus L.): Coril, Select, Santiago and Fundulea-206. To simulate the saline conditions, germination solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) were used with concentrations corresponding to the osmotic pressures -6 and -10 atm and the control seed hydration was performed with distilled water. Determination of seed germination, growth of seedling, percentage of plumules dry matter, chlorophyll content and free proline were performed. The experimental data obtained suppose the existence in the assimilation apparatus of sunflowers seedling subjected to stress a competitive chlorophyll/free proline biosynthesis processes. The experimental results regarding the effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth revealed important differences between genotypes. The radicle growth in the germination process were strongly affected by saline excess, with significant differences between cultivars. Saline stress results in significant reductions in the amount of chlorophyll, and high levels of free proline. It can be observed that with the increase of the stress level the percentage of the dry matter increases, indicating an accentuated water deficit.

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