Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alternatives on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Tomato and Pepper

Field trials were conducted to compare the effect of various soil fumigants along with in-bed pebulate and row-middle metribuzin applications on purple nutsedge control and on tomato and bell pepper growth and yield. Treatments consisted of combinations of soil fumigants, pebulate, and metribuzin. Fumigants levels were (1) untreated control, (2) methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic) (67 + 33%, respectively), (3) Pic, (4) metham, (5) dazomet, and (6) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83 + 17%, respectively). Pebulate levels were either applied in-bed or not applied. Row middles were either sprayed with metribuzin or untreated. In both crops, purple nutsedge populations were independently influenced by fumigants and pebulate applications, with the highest number of purple nutsedge plants in the untreated control. The addition of pebulate reduced purple nutsedge populations in all treatments. In tomato trials, the yield was affected by fumigants, with the highest losses (53 and 50% reductions in fruit number and weight) observed in the nonfumigated control. In pepper trials, fruit number and weight were individually influenced by fumigants and metribuzin sprayings. Application of metribuzin to row middles increased yields 10% relative to nontreated plots.

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Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control with Fumigant and Pebulate Combinations in Tomato

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-088r2.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 575-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Bielinski M. Santos

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Field Trials ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Marketable Fruit

Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of fumigant-pebulate combinations on purple nutsedge density in fresh market tomato. Treatments consisted of methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBr plus Pic) [67:33] at rates of 270 and 130 kg/ha, respectively; Pic plus pebulate at 400 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; metham (MNa) plus pebulate at 485 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; dazomet plus pebulate at 950 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; and 1,3-dicholopropene plus Pic (C-17) [87:13] plus pebulate at 392 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively. At 12 wk after treatment, MBr plus Pic controlled purple nutsedge more effectively (10 plants/m2) than the fumigant-pebulate combinations (50 to 70 plants/m2). Compared to MBr plus Pic, Pic plus pebulate had a 14% lower marketable yield. No differences in marketable yield were noted with dazomet plus pebulate or C-17 plus pebulate compared to MBr plus Pic. However, MNa plus pebulate produced a 15% higher yield than MBr plus Pic. Additionally, MNa plus pebulate had 15% higher marketable fruit weight than MBr plus Pic.

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EFFECTS OF TIME OF EMERGENCE ON PURPLE AND YELLOW NUTSEDGE AREA OF INFLUENCE IN BELL PEPPER

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.889b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 889b-889

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

James P. Gilreath ◽

Camille Esmel ◽

Myriam N. Siham

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Yield Data ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Area Of Influence ◽

Pepper Plants

Field trials were conducted in Bradenton, Fla., to determine the effect of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentum) time of emergence on the area of influence of each weed on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Each weed-bell pepper complex was studied separately. A single weed was transplanted 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after bell pepper transplanting (WAT) and bell pepper yield was collected at 0, 30, 60, and 90 cm from each weed. Bell pepper yield data indicated that yellow nutsedge was more aggressive than purple nutsedge interfering with bell pepper. When yellow nutsedge emerged 1 WAT, bell pepper yield losses were between 32 and 57% for plants at 0 and 30 cm away from the weed, respectively, which represents at least a density of approximately 3.5 plants/m2. For purple nutsedge, one weed growing since 1 WAT between two bell pepper plants (0 cm; 10 plants/m2) produced a yield reduction of 31%. These results indicated that low nutsedge densities, which are commonly believed to be unimportant, can cause significant bell pepper yield reductions.

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Methyl bromide alternatives for nematode and Cyperus control in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.016 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 903-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Timothy N. Motis ◽

Joseph W. Noling ◽

John M. Mirusso

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Methyl Bromide Alternatives

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Methyl Bromide Alternatives for High Tunnel Strawberry Production in Southern Spain

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/hortsci.19.1.187 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 187-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

José M. López-Aranda ◽

Luis Miranda ◽

Juan J. Medina ◽

Carmen Soria ◽

Berta de los Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Propylene Oxide ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Total Yield ◽

Dimethyl Disulfide ◽

Field Trials ◽

Plant Canopy ◽

Nematode Control ◽

High Tunnel ◽

Methyl Bromide Alternatives

Field trials were conducted in two locations in Spain to determine the effect of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne diseases and nematodes, and strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) yields under high-tunnel conditions. Fumigant treatments were applied to the same plots each year. Treatments were MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (50:50, v/v) at a rate of 400 kg·ha−1; 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (65:35, v/v) at 300 kg·ha−1; Pic at 300 kg·ha−1; dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + Pic (50:50, v/v) at 500 kg·ha−1; propylene oxide at 550 kg·ha−1; dazomet at 400 kg·ha−1; and calcium cyanamide (Ca-cyanamide) at 700 kg·ha−1. A nontreated control was also included. Fumigation with MBr + Pic, 1,3-D + Pic, Pic, and DMDS + Pic consistently improved early and total marketable strawberry yields in both locations. This response was caused by successful soilborne fungus and nematode control, improving strawberry growth and development, which resulted in increased plant canopy diameters and higher strawberry early and total yield.

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Influence of Nitrogen on the Interference of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus) with Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.431c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 431C-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.P. Morales-Payan ◽

W.M. Stall ◽

D.G. Shilling ◽

J.A. Dusky ◽

T.A. Bewick

Keyword(s):

Tomato Fruit ◽

Field Trials ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Yield Values ◽

Fresh Tomato ◽

N Rates

Field trials were conducted in Gainesville, Fla., to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the interference effect of purple or yellow nutsedge on the yield of fresh tomato. Nitrogen (N) rates of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 kg·ha–1 were applied broadcast to the soil. Before transplanting, 1-m-wide soil beds were covered with plastic and fumigated with methyl bromide to suppress the growth on undesired weeds. Nutsedge-free and purple or yellow nutsedge-infested tomato plots were separately established. `Solar Set' tomatoes were transplanted in the middle of the soil beds, 50 cm apart in a single row. In nutsedge-infested plots, weed densities known to cause significant yield reduction in tomato (100 purple nutsedge plants/m2 and 50 yellow nutsedge plants/m2) were uniformly established perforating the plastic and transplanting viable tubers in the perforations. Purple and yellow nutsedge tubers were transplanted the same day as tomatoes and were allowed to interfere during the whole crop season. Results indicate that N rates had a significant effect on tomato fruit yield in both nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested treatments. The presence of either purple or yellow nutsedge significantly reduced the fruit yield of tomato at all N rates. As N rates increased, tomato fruit yield reduction caused by the interference of either nutsedge species also increased. When yellow nutsedge was allowed to interfere with tomato, fruit yield loss was as low as 18% at 50 kg N/ha and as high as 42% at 350 kg N/ha. In purple nutsedge-infested tomato, fruit yield reductions ranged from 10% at 50 kg N/ha to 27% at 350 kg N/ha. N effects on nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested tomato yields were described by quadratic equations, with maximum tomato fruit yield values being reached between 200 and 250 kg N/ha in both nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested treatments.

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Effects of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Vegetative Growth and Fruit Yield

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00043232 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 672-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jose P. Morales-Payan ◽

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

William M. Stall ◽

Thomas A. Bewick

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Initial Population ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Population Densities ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Percentage Unit

Additive series experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of season-long interference of different initial population densities of purple nutsedge on the shoot dry weight and fruit yield of tomato and bell pepper. Purple nutsedge densities up to 200 plants/m2linearly reduced shoot dry weight at flowering and fruit yield of both crops as weed density increased. Both variables were directly correlated, and for each percentage unit of tomato shoot dry weight loss at flowering, fruit yield was reduced 1.24 units, whereas for bell pepper this relationship was 1 to 2.01. Total shoot and tuber biomass of purple nutsedge increased as density increased. The presence of either crop caused a decline in the total shoot dry weight accumulation of purple nutsedge, with tomato producing a higher degree of loss than bell pepper to the weed. Fruit yield losses due to purple nutsedge interference reached 44% for tomato and 32% for bell pepper.

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TOMATO NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AND NUTSEDGE (Cyperus SPP.) MANAGEMENT WITH PROPYLENE OXIDE

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.889a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 889a-889

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

James P. Gilreath

Keyword(s):

Propylene Oxide ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Rate Increase ◽

Field Trials ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Nutrient Absorption ◽

Rapid Decrease ◽

Soilborne Diseases ◽

Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽

Application Rates

Among the current methyl bromide alternatives under study, propylene oxide (Propozone) has shown potential to control soilborne diseases, nematodes, and weeds in polyethylene-mulched tomato. However, further research is needed to determine the appropriate application rates to control nutsedge in the crop. Also, the effect of this fumigant on tomato nutrient absorption has not been determined yet. Therefore, field trials were conducted for this purpose in Bradenton, Fla. Tested rates of Propozone were 0, 190, 380, 570, 760, and 950 L·ha–1 and were shank-applied in raised planting beds three weeks before `Florida 47' tomato transplanting. Examined data indicated that there was a rapid decrease in nutsedge density with 570 L·ha–1. For phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) foliar content, there was a linear increase of P concentrations as rate increase, whereas K content increased rapidly after 190 L·ha–1. The highest tomato yields were obtained with 760 and 950 L·ha–1 of Propozone.

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Phenyl Isothiocyanate Performance on Purple Nutsedge under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.2.402 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 402-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Edward E. Gbur ◽

John D. Mattice

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Exposure Period ◽

The United States ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Southern United States ◽

Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Purple Nutsedge

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed in vegetable crops in the southern United States. Methyl bromide is widely used for effective purple nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. With the impending ban on methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration and exposure period on purple nutsedge tuber viability and to compare the retention of phenyl ITC in soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phenyl ITC under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. A phenyl ITC concentration of 676 ppm in soil for 3 days in a sealed environment reduced purple nutsedge tuber viability by 97% compared with a nontreated control. Phenyl ITC retention was higher in soil covered with VIF mulch than with LDPE mulch. The predicted half-life of phenyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 6.1 and 8.9 days, respectively. In field experiments, phenyl ITC at 1500 kg·ha−1 under VIF mulch suppressed purple nutsedge shoots and reduced viable tuber density ≥72%, but control was not as effective as methyl bromide at 390 kg·ha−1 (67% methyl bromide:33% chloropicrin). Therefore, phenyl ITC up to 1500 kg·ha−1 under a VIF mulch is not a viable alternative to methyl bromide for effective purple nutsedge control.

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Resurgence of Soilborne Pests in Doublecropped Cucumber after Application of Methyl Bromide Chemical Alternatives and Solarization in Tomato

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0797 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 797-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Timothy N. Motis ◽

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Joseph W. Noling ◽

Salvadore J. Locascio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Cropping Seasons

Field studies were conducted during four consecutive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) -cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rotations to examine the longterm residual effects of tomato methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne pests in double-cropped cucumber. Four treatments were established in tomato fields: a) nontreated control; b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (67:33 by weight) at a rate of 350 lb/acre; c) tank-mixed pebulate + napropamide at 4 and 2 lb/acre, respectively, followed by 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83:17 by volume) at 40 gal/acre; and d) napropamide at 2 lb/acre followed by soil solarization for 7 to 8 weeks. Each of the following seasons, cucumber was planted in the same tomato plots without removing mulch films. For nutsedge [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus)] densities, napropamide followed by solarization plots had equal control (≤15 plants/m2) as MBr + Pic during all four cropping seasons. However, nematode control with solarization was inconsistent. Marketable yield data proved that fumigation in tomato fields with either MBr + Pic or pebulate + napropamide followed by 1,3-D + Pic had a long-term effect on double-cropped cucumber.

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Effects of Mulch Types and Concentrations of 1,3-Dichloropropene plus Chloropicrin on Fumigant Retention and Nutsedge Control

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.16.4.0637 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 637-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

James P. Gilreath ◽

Timothy N. Motis ◽

Marcel von Hulten ◽

Myriam N. Siham

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Field Trials ◽

Herbicidal Activity ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Weed Density ◽

Mulch Films ◽

Polyethylene Mulch ◽

Over Time

Field trials were conducted to: 1) determine the effect of mulch types and applied concentrations of 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin (1,3-D + Pic) on fumigant retention; and 2) examine the influence of mulch films and 1,3-D + Pic concentrations on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) control. 1,3-D + Pic concentrations were 0, 600, 1000, and 1400 ppm, and mulch types were white on black high-density polyethylene mulch (HDPE), white on black virtually impermeable film (VIF-WB), silver on white metalized mulch, and green VIF (VIF-G). Regardless of the initial 1,3-D + Pic concentrations and mulch types, fumigant retention exponentially decreased over time. When 1400 ppm of 1,3-D + Pic were injected into the soil, 1,3-D + Pic dissipation reached 200 ppm at 3.2, 2.9, 2.2, and 1.5 days after treatment (DAT) under VIF-G, VIF-WB, metalized, and HDPE mulches, respectively. At 5 weeks after treatment (WAT), HDPE mulch had the highest purple nutsedge densities among all films. The treatments covered with VIF-G had purple nutsedge densities <5 plants/ft2, regardless of the applied fumigant concentration, while VIF-WB and metalized mulch reached this weed density with 696 ppm of the fumigant. In contrast, 1186 ppm of 1,3-D + Pic were needed to reach this weed density with HDPE mulch. Correlation analysis showed that mulch fumigant retention readings at 3 DAT effectively predict purple nutsedge densities at 5 WAT (r ≤ –0.94). These findings proved that 1,3-D + Pic activity on purple nutsedge can be improved with the use of more retentive films, which cause longer fumigant retention, thus improving efficacy. Growers might elect reducing 1,3-D + Pic rates to compensate for the relatively higher cost of fumigant-retentive mulches, without losing herbicidal activity.

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