Historical HbA1c Values May Explain the Type 2 Diabetes Legacy Effect: UKPDS 88

<p><b>Objective</b> Type 2 diabetes all-cause mortality (ACM) and myocardial infarction (MI) glycaemic legacy effects have not been explained. We examined their relationships with prior individual HbA_1c values and explored the potential impact of instituting earlier, compared with delayed, glucose-lowering therapy. <i></i></p> <p><b>Research design and methods</b> Twenty-year all-cause mortality (ACM) and myocardial infarction (MI) hazard functions were estimated from diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in 3,802 UK Prospective Diabetes Study participants. HbA_1c values impact over time were analysed by weighting them according to their influence on downstream ACM and MI risks. </p> <p><b>Results </b>Hazard ratios for a 1 percentage unit higher HbA_1c for ACM were 1.08 (95% CI 1.07-1.09), 1.18 (1.15–1.21) and 1.36 (1.30–1.42) at 5, 10 and 20 years respectively, and for MI 1.13 (1.11–1.15) at 5 years increasing to 1.31 (1.25–1.36) at 20 years. <br> Imposing a one percentage unit lower HbA_1cfrom diagnosis generated an 18.8% (95% CI 21.1%–16.0%) ACM risk reduction 10-15 years later, whereas delaying this reduction until 10 years after diagnosis showed a 7-fold lower 2.7% (3.1%-2.3%) risk reduction. Corresponding MI risk reductions were 19.7% (22.4%-16.5%) when lowering HbA_1c at diagnosis, and 3-fold lower 6.5% (7.4%-5.3%) when imposed 10 years later.</p> <p><b>Conclusions </b>The glycaemic legacy effects seen in type 2 diabetes are explained largely by historical HbA_1c values having a greater impact than recent values on clinical outcomes. Early detection of diabetes and intensive glucose control from the time of diagnosis is essential to maximise reduction of the long-term risk of glycaemic complications.</p>

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN POTENSI ANGIN UNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BAYU (PLTB) MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY MAMDANI

In order to assist the government in realizing the use of 23% of EBT in 2025, to support the direction of government policies and strategies to improve accessibility by providing electricity to remote islands and villages. so in this study, the researcher makes a decision support system for determining the potential of renewable energy, especially energy produced by wind for wind power plants, The method used in this research is the Mamdani Fuzzy Logic, a system consisting of 3 Input criteria, including wind speed, temperature and air pressure, and output is potential for wind energy, output is presented in the form of a percentage unit with a range of 0-100%. The research was conducted in Sumenep Regency, after processing with the Fuzzy Mamdani method, the value of wind potential was generated with the average of the total output data = 43.51%, the value of min = 31.27%, the max value = 49.87%.

KOMPETENSI NELAYAN RAWAI TUNA DITINJAU DARI STANDAR KOMPETENSI KERJA NASIONAL INDONESIA (SKKNI) DI PPN PALABUHANRATU

Nelayan dalam kegiatan operasi penangkapan harus memiliki kualitas yang baik. Kualitas nelayan yang baik dapat dilihat dari kompetensi kerja yang dimilikinya. Tersedianya Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional (SKKNI) untuk nelayan rawai tuna diharapkan dapat menjadi suatu pendekatan untuk mengetahui kompetensi nelayan tanpa adanya jenjang pendidikan formal. Tujuan dari peneilitian ini adalah menganalisis kompetensi nelayan rawai tuna di PPN Palabuhanratu dalam kegiatan operasi penangkapan tuna sesuai dengan SKKNI. Pengambilan data lapang dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 -Februari 2015. Tempat penelitian dilakukan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) Palabuhanratu, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner dan survei kepada responden. Nelayan rawai tuna yang menjadi responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas telah melakukan penangkapan ikan di laut selama 5 – 10 tahun. Nahkoda dan ABK masing-masing memiliki lima unit kompetensi, unit tersebut menjelaskan kemampuan yang perlu dimiliki oleh nelayan rawai tuna. Unit Melakukan Penangkapan Ikan di Laut dengan Menggunakan Rawai Tuna pada kompetensi nahkoda memiliki nilai persentase tertinggi. Pada kompetensi ABK unit kompetensi dengan nilai persentase tertinggi adalah Melakukan Perawatan Alat Penangkap Ikan Berbahan Utama Tali dan Pancing di Laut. Unit kompetensi nahkoda dan ABK telah memenuhi 50% standar kompetensi yang seharusnya.Title: Competence of Tuna Longline Fishermen Viewed From Indonesian National Occupational Competency Standards (SKKNI) IN PPN PalabuhanratuFishermen in fishing operations must have good quality. That are can be seen from their job competencies. Availability of the Indonesian National Occupational Competency Standards (SKKNI) for tuna longline was expected to be an approach to determine the competency of the fishermen without formal education. The aim of this research was to analyze the competency of tuna longline fishermen in PPN Palabuhanratu within tuna fishing operations accordance with SKKNI. Data retrieval of this study was conducted on December 2014-February 2015. The study was conducted in PPN Palabuhanratu, West Java Province. The instrument was used in this study were questionnaires and surveys to respondents. Tuna longline fishermen who were respondents in this study the majority has done fishing at sea for 5-10 years. Captain and crew each composed of five unit competence, that unit to explain the capabilities needed by tuna longline fisherman. The competency of captain had the highest percentage was Fishing at Sea by Using Tuna Longline unit. The competency of the crew had the highest percentage unit was Hook and Line Fishing Gear Maintenance and Protection at Sea unit. Captain and crew competency unit had fullfiled 50% of standards of competency that shoud be.

Additive genetic, non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects for female reproductive performance in seasonal calving dairy females

Excellent reproductive performance (i.e. 365-day calving interval) is paramount to herd profit in seasonal-calving dairy systems. Reproductive targets are currently not being achieved in Irish dairy herds. Furthermore, most research on the genetics of reproductive performance in dairy cattle has focused primarily on lactating cows and relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the genetic contribution to differences in reproductive performance in nulliparae. The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of both the additive and non-additive genetic components, as well as the permanent environmental component, to phenotypic variation in the reproductive traits in nulliparous, primiparous and multiparous seasonal-calving dairy females. Reproductive phenotypes were available on up to 202,525 dairy females. Variance components were estimated using (repeatability where appropriate) linear animal mixed models; fixed effects included in the mixed models were contemporary group, parity (where appropriate), breed proportion, inter-breed specific heterosis coefficients and inter-breed specific recombination loss coefficients. Heritability of the reproductive traits ranged from 0.004 (pregnancy rate to first service) to 0.17 (age at first service in nulliparae), while repeatability estimates for the reproductive traits in cows ranged from 0.01 (calving interval) to 0.11 (pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season). Breed-specific heterosis regression coefficients suggest that, relative to the parental mean, a first-cross Holstein–Jersey crossbred was almost 7 days younger at first calving, had a 9-day shorter calving interval, a 6 percentage unit greater pregnancy rate in the first 42 days of the breeding season and a 3 percentage unit greater survival rate to next lactation. Heifer calving rate traits were strongly genetically correlated with age at first calving (–0.97 to –0.66) and calving rate in the first 42 days of the calving season for first parity cows (0.77 to 0.56), but genetic correlations with other cow reproductive traits were weak and inconsistent. Calving interval was strongly genetically correlated with the majority of the cow traits; 56%, 40%, and 92% of the genetic variation in calving interval was explained by calving to the first service interval, number of services and pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season, respectively. Permanent environmental correlations between the reproductive performance traits were generally moderate to strong. The existence of contributions from non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to phenotypic differences among cows suggests the usefulness of such information to rank cows on future expected performance; this was evidenced by a stronger correlation with future reproductive performance for an individual cow index that combined additive genetic, non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects compared to an index based solely on additive genetic effects (i.e. estimated breeding values).

Ruminal degradation of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of banana peel treated with limestone

This study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of dry matter degradation and neutral detergent fiber of banana peel treated with limestone. The banana peel has been acquired from a candy manufacturer that after washing with chlorinated water to 1% and pulp removal was discarded. The banana peel in nature was treated with 1, 2, 3 and 4% of limestone in the natural matter, homogenized and pre-dried in the sun for 120 hours. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments (0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4% inclusion of limestone) with 3 repetitions. The dry matter potential degradability, showed no difference (P>0.05) in the levels compared to the control with an average of 67.58%. The insoluble degradation fraction rate of dry matter and the fiber fraction did not differ (P> 0.05) between levels and control. In relation to effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber, there was an increase of 3.47% for each percentage unit increased limestone. In relation to the ruminal degradation parameters of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber is not recommended the utilization of limestone as an additive in the treatment of banana peel.

The Research of Mixture Ratio Factors on the Concrete Consumption Norm

Concrete valuation work is mainly on the composition of concrete raw material pricing, different concrete mixture ratio has decisive influence on the valuation. Concrete mix is influenced by many parameters, such as water-binder ratio, sand percentage, unit water and so on. The mixture ratio is the purpose to research the inner relationship between concrete parameters.In the preparation of the consumption of the concrete norm, analysis to the reasonable mix can not only make valuation work accords with the specification requirements, but meet the practice.

Simulation of Holstein and Jersey profitability by varying milk price payment system

The objective of the study was to compare through simulation Holstein and Jersey breed herds, considering the farm size, zootechnical and economic indexes and profitability of the activity, by using different systems of bonus payment for milk price based in percentage of fat and protein in the milk. The comparisons were made, initially, disregarding the bonus payment for milk price based on the increase in the fat and protein percentage in milk. After that, the profitability of the activity was compared considering bonus payment for milk price of the Jersey breed herd, for each unit increment in fat and protein percentage in milk above those obtained with the Holstein breed herd. Finally, the profitability of the activity was compared by using the bonus payment for milk price based on quality of that used by company A systems. When there was no bonus payment for milk price based in the percentage of fat and protein in the milk, the profit obtained with the Holstein breed was higher because of the lower production costs. In order to make the activity more profitable with the Jersey breed, a bonus payment of 5% for milk price would be needed for each percentage unit of fat above the percentage of that obtained with the Holstein breed, or a bonus payment of 10% in the milk price for each percentage unit of protein above the percentage obtained with the Holstein breed. By using the bonus payment system proposed by Gimenes and Ponchio, the annual profit with the Jersey breed was higher than the profit obtained with the Holstein breed. However, with the application of the bonus payment system used by company A, the Holstein breed became more profitable than the Jersey breed.

Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

Effects of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Vegetative Growth and Fruit Yield

Additive series experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of season-long interference of different initial population densities of purple nutsedge on the shoot dry weight and fruit yield of tomato and bell pepper. Purple nutsedge densities up to 200 plants/m2linearly reduced shoot dry weight at flowering and fruit yield of both crops as weed density increased. Both variables were directly correlated, and for each percentage unit of tomato shoot dry weight loss at flowering, fruit yield was reduced 1.24 units, whereas for bell pepper this relationship was 1 to 2.01. Total shoot and tuber biomass of purple nutsedge increased as density increased. The presence of either crop caused a decline in the total shoot dry weight accumulation of purple nutsedge, with tomato producing a higher degree of loss than bell pepper to the weed. Fruit yield losses due to purple nutsedge interference reached 44% for tomato and 32% for bell pepper.