Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control with Reduced Rates of Dimethyl Disulfide in Combination with Totally Impermeable Film

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore McAvoy ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
High Rate ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Standard Rate

Methyl bromide (MBr) was widely used as a soil fumigant to manage pests in the planting bed prior to transplanting fresh market tomato; however, it has been banned by the United Nations Environment Programme. Alternatives to MBr must be implemented to sustain productivity in fresh market tomato. Dimethyl disulfide plus chloropicrin (DMDS : Pic) is a fumigant alternative to methyl bromide for the management of yellow nutsedge and other soil-borne pests in tomato. Fumigant costs, environmental concerns, and risk mitigation measures encourage reduced fumigant application rates. Virtually impermeable film (VIF) and totally impermeable film (TIF) provide greater fumigant retention than low density and high density polyethylene film, VIF and TIF can allow for reduced fumigant application rates while maintaining fumigant efficacy. The objectives of this research were to evaluate TIF with reduced rates of shank-applied DMDS : Pic (79 : 21 w/w) for the control of yellow nutsedge in tomato. Treatments included a standard rate of DMDS : Pic (468 L ha−1) under VIF and TIF, a high rate (561 L ha−1) under VIF, three reduced rates (187 L ha−1, 281 L ha−1, and 374 L ha−1) under TIF, and a nontreated control under TIF and VIF. Results indicated rates may be reduced from a standard 468 L ha−1under VIF to 187 L ha−1(67% reduction) under TIF while maintaining yellow nutsedge control and tomato yields. In addition, the results indicated that nontreated TIF managed yellow nutsedge better than nontreated VIF because of decreased penetration of the mulch by yellow nutsedge.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control with Methyl Iodide in Combination with Totally Impermeable Film

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore P. McAvoy ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Iodide ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Standard Rate

Methyl bromide (MBr) has been an industry standard for soil fumigation in a multitude of crops for decades. However, it has been banned by the United Nations Environment Programme, and alternatives to MBr must be implemented to sustain productivity in many vegetable crops that depend on soil fumigation. One alternative that has been implemented in some areas is methyl iodide (MeI). Efficacy of MeI has been demonstrated on many pest species and has been generally similar to MBr. Methyl iodide is a costly material, which has likely limited its adoption. Virtually impermeable film (VIF) and totally impermeable film (TIF) provide greater fumigant retention than low-density and high-density polyethylene film, which can allow for reduced fumigant application rates while maintaining fumigant efficacy. The objectives of this research were to evaluate TIF with reduced rates of shank-applied MeI : chloropicrin (Pic) (50 : 50 w/w) for the control of yellow nutsedge in tomato. Treatments included a standard rate of MeI : Pic (93.3 L ha−1[178 kg ha−1broadcast]) under VIF and TIF, three reduced rates (37.3, 56, 74.6 L ha−1[71.2, 106.8, 142.5 kg ha−1broadcast, respectively]) under TIF, and a nontreated control under TIF. Results indicate fumigant use rates may be reduced from a standard 93.3 L ha−1under VIF to 37.3 L ha−1(60% reduction) under TIF while providing yellow nutsedge control and maintaining tomato yields.

Comparison of the Herbicidal Activity of Phenyl Isothiocyanate with Methyl Bromide in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Control Equivalent

Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the herbicidal activity of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) on yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass in tomato grown on two polyethylene-mulched types. Treatments included two mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] mulch and virtually impermeable film [VIF] mulch) and phenyl ITC at 0, 15, 75, 150, 750, and 1,500 kg ha−1. A standard rate of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. Regardless of mulch type, phenyl ITC at 1,452 (±133) and 1,719 (±426) kg ha−1was required for broad-spectrum weed control equivalent to methyl bromide in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Tomato injury was ≥ 44% at the highest phenyl ITC rate of 1,500 kg ha−1at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP) both years, irrespective of mulch type. Greater crop injury was observed from 750 kg ha−1of phenyl ITC in 2006 (≥ 27%) than in 2007 (≤ 10%). The greater injury in 2006 was attributed to a higher phenyl ITC concentration because holes in the plastic mulch for transplanting were punched at the time of transplanting in 2006; whereas, in 2007 holes were punched 2 d before transplanting, allowing 2 d of aeration before transplanting. Tomato marketable yield at all rates of phenyl ITC was lower than with methyl bromide in 2006. However, in 2007, marketable yield in plots treated with phenyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1was equivalent to methyl bromide. Overall, VIF mulch was no more effective than LDPE mulch at increasing weed control or improving the marketable yield of tomato either year.

scholarly journals Optimizing Soil Disinfestation Procedures for Fresh Market Tomato and Pepper Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
J. Mirusso
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Combinations of soil fumigation with a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus chloropicrin (Pic) and soil solarization for 7 days were evaluated under different plastic films and sequences of application for their effects on soilborne pests and marketable yield of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). Shank injection of fumigants under a virtually impermeable film (VIF) using a novel application apparatus dramatically improved their retention in the soil. Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in soil declined significantly when fumigation or solarization was combined with VIF compared with either soil disinfestation treatment applied under low-density polyethylene. When compared with an untreated control, significant reductions in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), purple nutsedge (C. rotundus), and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) were achieved with a reduced dosage of fumigant when applications were made 7 days after planting beds were covered with VIF. A 7-day delay in fumigant application in beds covered by low-density polyethylene significantly increased marketable yield of pepper when compared with an untreated control. The results demonstrate that chemical and nonchemical soil disinfestation methods can be combined with novel application technology and procedures to improve their spectrum of pest control and reduce fumigant application rates.

scholarly journals Travel Demand Prediction during COVID-19 Pandemic: Educational and Working Trips at the University of Padova

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6596
Author(s):  
Riccardo Ceccato ◽  
Riccardo Rossi ◽  
Massimiliano Gastaldi
Keyword(s):  
Travel Demand ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Demand Prediction ◽  
Travel Decisions ◽  
The University

The diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic has induced fundamental changes in travel habits. Although many previous authors have analysed factors affecting observed variations in travel demand, only a few works have focused on predictions of future new normal conditions when people will be allowed to decide whether to travel or not, although risk mitigation measures will still be enforced on vehicles, and innovative mobility services will be implemented. In addition, few authors have considered future mandatory trips of students that constitute a great part of everyday travels and are fundamental for the development of society. In this paper, logistic regression models were calibrated by using data from a revealed and stated-preferences mobility survey administered to students and employees at the University of Padova (Italy), to predict variables impacting on their decisions to perform educational and working trips in the new normal phase. Results highlighted that these factors are different between students and employees; furthermore, available travel alternatives and specific risk mitigation measures on vehicles were found to be significant. Moreover, the promotion of the use of bikes, as well as bike sharing, car pooling and micro mobility among students can effectively foster sustainable mobility habits. On the other hand, countermeasures on studying/working places resulted in a slight effect on travel decisions.

Recent technical advancement in natural terrain landslide risk mitigation measures in Hong Kong

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian S H Kwan ◽  
Harris W K Lam ◽  
Charles W W Ng ◽  
Nelson T K Lam ◽  
S L Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Natural Terrain

Weed Management in Southeastern Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with AC 263,222

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richburg ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin ◽  
Gerald R. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Ac 263,222

Field experiments conducted at four locations in Georgia and two locations in Florida during 1992 and 1993 evaluated AC 263,222 application rates and timings, systems, and mixtures for weed control, peanut injury, and yield. All rates of AC 263,222 applied early POST (EPOST) or POST controlledIpomoeamorningglories and smallflower morningglory at least 90%, and purple and yellow nutsedge at least 81%. Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control generally was highest when metolachlor was applied PPI followed by AC 263,222 applied EPOST at 71 g/ha, AC 263,222 at 27 or 36 g/ha plus bentazon plus paraquat applied POST, or with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Acifluorfen and acifluorfen plus bentazon reduced Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control at several locations when applied in mixture with AC 263,222. Common ragweed and hairy indigo control were 85 to 95% with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Highest peanut yields were obtained with treatments providing high levels of weed control.

Microbial Survey of Selected Ontario-Grown Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2864-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDSAY ARTHUR ◽  
SANDRA JONES ◽  
MARTHA FABRI ◽  
JOSEPH ODUMERU
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Recent produce-related outbreaks have been receiving heightened media coverage, which has increased public concern toward the safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. In response, the microbial contamination of Ontario-grown fresh fruits and vegetables was evaluated by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs during the summer of 2004. Prior to this survey, information specific to the microbial contamination of Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables was limited. This nonregulatory survey had two objectives: (i) to obtain a general microbiological profile of selected fruits and vegetables produced in Ontario and (ii) to use the information and knowledge gained from this survey to direct and support future on-farm food safety research and food safety programs to manage potential risks. In all, 1,183 samples, including muskmelon (151), scallions and green onions (173), leaf lettuce (263), organic leaf lettuce (112), head lettuce (155), parsley (127), cilantro (61), and fresh market tomatoes (141), were collected and analyzed. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella, Shigella, and generic E. coli. Enrichment cultures positive for E. coli were further assessed for verotoxigenicity. One sample each of Roma tomato and organic leaf lettuce were positive for Salmonella, with no samples yielding Shigella or verotoxigenic E. coli. The E. coli prevalence was highest in parsley (13.4%), followed by organic leaf lettuce (11.6%), leaf lettuce (6.5%), scallions (6.4%), cilantro (4.9%), muskmelon (1.3%), head lettuce (0%), and fresh market tomatoes (0%). These findings, in combination with foodborne illness data, will help target those commodities that require more focused risk mitigation efforts.

scholarly journals Quantifying the effectiveness of early warning systems for natural hazards

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sättele ◽  
M. Bründl ◽  
D. Straub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Integrated Risk ◽  
Framework Approach

Abstract. Early warning systems (EWSs) are increasingly applied as preventive measures within an integrated risk management approach for natural hazards. At present, common standards and detailed guidelines for the evaluation of their effectiveness are lacking. To support decision-makers in the identification of optimal risk mitigation measures, a three-step framework approach for the evaluation of EWSs is presented. The effectiveness is calculated in function of the technical and the inherent reliability of the EWS. The framework is applicable to automated and non-automated EWSs and combinations thereof. To address the specifics and needs of a wide variety of EWS designs, a classification of EWSs is provided, which focuses on the degree of automations encountered in varying EWSs. The framework and its implementation are illustrated through a series of example applications of EWS in an alpine environment.

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