Comparison of the Herbicidal Activity of Phenyl Isothiocyanate with Methyl Bromide in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Control Equivalent

Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the herbicidal activity of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) on yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass in tomato grown on two polyethylene-mulched types. Treatments included two mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] mulch and virtually impermeable film [VIF] mulch) and phenyl ITC at 0, 15, 75, 150, 750, and 1,500 kg ha−1. A standard rate of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. Regardless of mulch type, phenyl ITC at 1,452 (±133) and 1,719 (±426) kg ha−1was required for broad-spectrum weed control equivalent to methyl bromide in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Tomato injury was ≥ 44% at the highest phenyl ITC rate of 1,500 kg ha−1at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP) both years, irrespective of mulch type. Greater crop injury was observed from 750 kg ha−1of phenyl ITC in 2006 (≥ 27%) than in 2007 (≤ 10%). The greater injury in 2006 was attributed to a higher phenyl ITC concentration because holes in the plastic mulch for transplanting were punched at the time of transplanting in 2006; whereas, in 2007 holes were punched 2 d before transplanting, allowing 2 d of aeration before transplanting. Tomato marketable yield at all rates of phenyl ITC was lower than with methyl bromide in 2006. However, in 2007, marketable yield in plots treated with phenyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1was equivalent to methyl bromide. Overall, VIF mulch was no more effective than LDPE mulch at increasing weed control or improving the marketable yield of tomato either year.

Herbicidal Performance of Phenyl Isothiocyanate in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Methyl bromide is a common fumigant for effective weed control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. However, the ban on methyl bromide in the United States has created a need to find a suitable alternative. This study investigated the herbicidal efficacy of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) as a methyl bromide alternative for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper during 2006 and 2007. Six rates of phenyl ITC (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1) under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch were tested against yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass. Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. VIF mulch provided no advantage over LDPE mulch in either improving weed control or marketable yield in bell pepper. Unacceptable pepper injury (≥ 60%) occurred at the highest phenyl ITC rate of 1,500 kg ha−1at 2 WATP in both years, regardless of mulch type. Higher bell pepper injury was observed in 2006 (≥ 36%) than in 2007 (≤ 11%) at 750 kg ha−1of phenyl ITC. The lower injury in 2007 could be attributed to aeration of beds 48 h prior to transplanting. Regardless of mulch type, phenyl ITC at 2,071 (± 197) and 1,655 (± 309) kg ha−1was required to control yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass equivalent to methyl bromide in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Bell pepper marketable yield at all rates of phenyl ITC was lower than methyl bromide in 2006. In contrast, marketable yield in phenyl ITC at 750–kg ha−1was equivalent to methyl bromide in 2007. It is concluded that phenyl ITC should be applied at least 4.2 times higher rate than methyl bromide for effective weed control, and bed aeration is required to minimize crop injury and yield loss. Additional research is needed to test phenyl ITC in combination with other weed control strategies to obtain effective weed control with acceptable crop safety.

Allyl Isothiocyanate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Yield

Methyl bromide has been widely used for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. With the phaseout of methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to determine if allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) would provide substantive weed control in tomato along with crop tolerance under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch. Treatment factors included two mulch types (LDPE and VIF) and six rates of allyl ITC (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). A standard treatment of methyl bromide : chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was also established. Allyl ITC was broadcast applied and incorporated in soil before forming raised beds and laying plastic mulch. Tomatoes were transplanted 3 wk after applying allyl ITC or methyl bromide treatments. Tomato injury was ≤ 8% in all treatments at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). Allyl ITC at 913 (± 191) kg ha−1was required to control yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass equivalent to methyl bromide at 6 WATP and maintain marketable tomato yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. VIF mulch was not effective in increasing weed control or improving the marketable yield of tomato over LDPE mulch. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can have a practical application for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato in the absence of methyl bromide.

Effect of Turnip Soil Amendment and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Tuber Densities on Interference in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Yellow nutsedge is a problematic weed in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide is the most effective method of controlling nutsedges, but because of ozone depletion, the phase-out of methyl bromide has complicated nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched tomato and other vegetable crops. Plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family produce glucosinolates, which upon tissue decomposition generate biocidal isothiocyanates and therefore can be used as a biological alternative for yellow nutsedge control. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to study the influence of soil amendment with ‘Seventop’ turnip cover crop on the interference of yellow nutsedge planted at 0, 50, and 100 tubers m−2in raised-bed polyethylene-mulched tomato production. There was no advantage of soil amendment with Seventop on reducing yellow nutsedge interference in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Regardless of soil amendment, increasing initial tuber density from 50 to 100 tubers m−2increased yellow nutsedge shoot density, shoot dry weight, and tuber production at least 1.7, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively. As a result, tomato canopy width, shoot dry weight, and marketable yield decreased with increasing initial tuber densities. However, increased tuber density had minimal impact on tomato height. Relative to weed-free plots, interference of yellow nutsedge at 50 and 100 tubers m−2reduced marketable yield of tomato up to 32 and 49%, respectively. Shading of the middle and lower portion of tomato plants by yellow nutsedge shoots could be the major factor for reducing tomato growth and yield in weedy plots. It is concluded that soil amendment with Seventop turnip is not a viable option for reducing yellow nutsedge interference at 50 and 100 tuber m−2in polyethylene-mulched tomato.

Bell Pepper and Weed Response to Dimethyl Disulfide plus Chloropicrin and Herbicide Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Eure ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Phase Out

Bell pepper producers are faced with the challenge of controlling weeds following the phase-out of methyl bromide (MBr). Numerous attempts have been made to find a single fumigant or herbicide to control a broad spectrum of weeds. Adequate weed control in bell pepper will likely require weed management systems utilizing both fumigant and herbicide options. A weed management system including the fumigant dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) plus chloropicrin (Pic) plus the herbicide napropamide prior to transplant followed byS-metolachlor POST may be necessary to replace MBr. Field experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011 near Ty Ty, Georgia to determine bell pepper and weed response to DMDS plus Pic or in systems with napropamide and/orS-metolachlor. Bell pepper were not significantly injured by DMDS plus Pic or napropamide. Injury caused byS-metolachlor was transient and plants fully recovered by 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Yellow nutsedge control 6 WAT using DMDS plus Pic applied at 468 or 560 L ha−1controlled yellow nutsedge 91 to 95%. Large crabgrass control 6 WAT was 92 to 100% when DMDS plus Pic was applied at 468 or 560 L ha−1with or without a(n) herbicide (S-metolachlor or napropamide). Palmer Amaranth control prior to harvest was 21, 64, and 85% using DMDS plus Pic at 374, 468, or 560 L ha−1, respectively. DMDS plus Pic applied at 468 or 560 L ha-1with napropamide followed byS-metolachlor POST gave 95 to 99% control of Palmer amaranth 6 WAT. Consistent weed control and optimum yields were obtained when DMDS plus Pic was used at 468 L ha−1plus napropamide beneath plastic mulch followed byS-metolachlor POST.

Allyl Isothiocyanate: A Methyl Bromide Replacement in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur ◽  
Jingying Zhang ◽  
Tsehaye Habtom
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Potential Alternative

Methyl bromide has been a key fumigant for broad-spectrum weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. However, the ozone-depleting nature of methyl bromide has led to its scheduled phaseout from U.S. agriculture. Thus, an effective alternative to methyl bromide is needed. Field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to evaluate the crop response and weed control efficacy of allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. The experiment included various combinations of two mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] and virtually impermeable film [VIF] mulch) and six rates of allyl isothiocyanate (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1 under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. Bell pepper injury was < 3% in all treatments, except 11% injury at 1,500 kg ha−1 allyl isothiocyanate under VIF mulch at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). VIF mulch did not provide additional weed control and marketable pepper yield over LDPE mulch. Allyl isothiocyanate at 932 (± 127) kg ha−1 controlled yellow nutsedge (90%), Palmer amaranth (97%), and large crabgrass (92%) through 6 WATP and maintained the marketable yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can serve as a potential alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper.

Weed Management in Southeastern Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with AC 263,222

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richburg ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin ◽  
Gerald R. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Ac 263,222

Field experiments conducted at four locations in Georgia and two locations in Florida during 1992 and 1993 evaluated AC 263,222 application rates and timings, systems, and mixtures for weed control, peanut injury, and yield. All rates of AC 263,222 applied early POST (EPOST) or POST controlledIpomoeamorningglories and smallflower morningglory at least 90%, and purple and yellow nutsedge at least 81%. Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control generally was highest when metolachlor was applied PPI followed by AC 263,222 applied EPOST at 71 g/ha, AC 263,222 at 27 or 36 g/ha plus bentazon plus paraquat applied POST, or with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Acifluorfen and acifluorfen plus bentazon reduced Florida beggarweed and sicklepod control at several locations when applied in mixture with AC 263,222. Common ragweed and hairy indigo control were 85 to 95% with bentazon plus paraquat applied EPOST followed by AC 263,222 applied POST at 36 or 53 g/ha. Highest peanut yields were obtained with treatments providing high levels of weed control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sulfentrazone Alone or in Combination with Other PRE and POST Herbicides for Weed Control in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa)

HortScience ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Ravneet K. Sandhu ◽  
Laura E. Reuss ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Control Post

Sulfentrazone was recently registered for use in tomato and strawberry in Florida. Field experiments were conducted at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Wimauma, FL, to evaluate PRE sulfentrazone applications when applied on flat soil 30 days before bed formation (PRE-f), on the bed top immediately before laying plastic mulch (PRE-t), applied PRE-t as a tank mix with other PRE herbicides, or PRE-t followed by POST halosulfuron or rimusulfuron (POST). Sulfentrazone did not damage the tomato and strawberry crop and had no effect on strawberry and tomato fruit yield. It was as effective as the industry standards but none of the evaluated herbicide treatments provided adequate weed control. POST halosulfuron in tomato resulted in significantly greater nutsedge control at 11 (14%) and 13 (27%) weeks after initial treatment (WAIT) compared with other treatments in Fall 2019 and Spring 2020, respectively. However, in tomato, tank-mixing sulfentrazone with S-metolachlor or metribuzin did not enhance nutsedge control. Weed control did not improve with increased rates or with the use of PRE-f followed by (fb) PRE-t applications in tomato. PRE-t sulfentrazone fb POST halosulfuron was an efficient nutsedge management option in tomato. Sulfentrazone alone did not effectively control weeds in tomato or strawberry. Increased rates of sulfentrazone with the use of PRE-f fb PRE-t sulfentrazone applications did reduce (34%) total weed density in strawberry.

Integration of a Brassicaceae Cover Crop with Herbicides in Plasticulture Tomato

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Weeds are a major constraint in tomato production, especially in the absence of methyl bromide. Field trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the integrated use of a mustard ‘Caliente’ (a blend of brown and white mustard) cover crop with one-half and full rate PRE/POST herbicides for weed control and crop response in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Caliente was flail mowed and incorporated into the soil prior to forming beds. PRE herbicides were applied under polyethylene mulch, and POST herbicides were sprayed over the top of tomato. Full rates for S-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron were 1,600, 27, and 7.9 g ai/ha, respectively. Caliente had no effect on weed control or tomato injury and yield. Except for large crabgrass control and tomato injury and yield, only the main effect of herbicide selection and application rate affected these parameters. Tomato injury was minimal (< 6%) from PRE- and POST-applied herbicides. S-metolachlor applied PRE provided 66% purple nutsedge, 67% yellow nutsedge, and 77% Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after transplanting (WATP). S-metolachlor–treated plots at the full rate produced the highest marketable fruit yield among herbicide treatments, with jumbo fruit yield equivalent to the hand-weeded treatment. Trifloxysulfuron was the best POST-applied herbicide based on marketable yield and weed control. POST-applied trifloxysulfuron provided 41% purple nutsedge, 58% yellow nutsedge, and 55% Palmer amaranth control at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied PRE controlled purple and yellow nutsedge 70 and 78%, respectively, at 4 WATP, and POST-applied halosulfuron controlled purple nutsedge 74% and yellow nutsedge 78% at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied either PRE or POST failed to control Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass. Greater weed control and marketable tomato yield were achieved with full rates of herbicides. This research demonstrates no additional advantage of Caliente mustard when used with herbicides in tomato. None of the PRE or POST herbicides applied alone were sufficient to maintain season-long, broad-spectrum weed control and optimum marketable yield in tomato. Therefore, integration of PRE and POST herbicides at full rates is suggested.

Efficacy and Tolerance of Flumioxazin on Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven T. Kelly ◽  
Mark W. Shankle ◽  
Donnie K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
Grade Yield

Experiments were conducted at three locations in Louisiana in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate flumioxazin (36, 72, or 109 g ai/ha) applied pretransplant (PRE) or post-transplant (POST) to sweetpotato. All treatments were applied immediately before or after sweetpotato transplanting to weed-free beds. PRE applications caused 4% or less injury with any rate of flumioxazin at 9 or 18 d after transplanting (DATr) compared with 18 to 20% injury at 9 DATr and 6 to 14% at 18 DATr with 72 or 109 g/ha POST, respectively. Injury from PRE applications of flumioxazin were not different from injury with clomazone (840 g ai/ha) applied POST. Injury at Chase, LA, in 2002 was 8% and less with flumioxazin PRE, but 35 to 83% with flumioxazin POST and appeared to be due to the use of greenhouse-grown cuttings instead of field-grown cuttings, which were used in the other two experiments. There was no interaction between experiments for sweetpotato yield. Plots treated with flumioxazin PRE or 36 g/ha POST yielded greater than sweetpotato treated with clomazone for U.S. No. 1 and 2 grade yield as well as total marketable yield. No differences were observed in yellow nutsedge control with any rate of flumioxazin. At 34 or 50 DATr, flumioxazin controlled yellow nutsedge 73 to 85% with 72 or 109 g/ha applied PRE or POST. Flumioxazin, regardless of application timing or rate, controlled carpetweed and spiny amaranth at least 86%. A similar experiment in Mississippi evaluated tank-mixes of flumioxazin (36, 72, or 109 g/ha) and clomazone (840 g/ha) applied PRE or POST. No sweetpotato injury was observed with flumioxazin PRE. However, injury from flumioxazin POST increased with increased rates (18 to 50% at 18 DATr and 16 to 93% at 25 DATr). Weed control was greater than 80% with all treatments.

scholarly journals Weed Control with and Strawberry Tolerance to Herbicides Applied through Drip Irrigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Permit Application ◽  
Research And Education

Broadleaves, grasses, and nutsedge species are persistent problems with limited management options for strawberry growers in Florida. Field experiments were conducted in 2015-2016 (year 1) and 2016-2017 (year 2) at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Balm, FL, to evaluate weed control and strawberry tolerance to herbicides applied through the drip irrigation. 2940 g ai ha-1EPTC, 105 g ai ha-1flumioxazin, 570 g ai ha-1fomesafen, 52 g ai ha-1halosulfuron, 3585 g ai ha-1napropamide, oxyfluorfen 560 g ai ha-1, and 1070 g ai ha-1S-metolachlor were applied through a single drip tape at 7 or 14 d prior to transplanting. Halosulfuron was the most injurious herbicide, causing 18 and 46% injury at 35 d after transplanting (DATP) in year 1 when the herbicide was applied 7 and 14 d prior to transplanting, respectively. However, strawberry plants recovered from the initial injury and there was no reduction in total berry yield. None of the other herbicides evaluated elicited significant crop injury nor reduced berry yield. Averaged over application timings, EPTC, fomesafen, and napropamide suppressed yellow nutsedge emergence to 49, 64, and 41% of the nontreated control, respectively. Flumioxazin, fomesafen, and halosulfuron suppressed black medic emergence to 55, 52, and 55% of the nontreated control, respectively. None of the herbicides evaluated adequately suppressed Carolina geranium. Overall, results suggest that the evaluated herbicides with the exception of halosulfuron are safe for use on strawberry and would give growers an alternative management option. Drip-applied herbicides permit application closer to the transplant date and would be helpful as part of a weed control program for weed suppression.

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