scholarly journals Optimizing Soil Disinfestation Procedures for Fresh Market Tomato and Pepper Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
J. Mirusso
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Combinations of soil fumigation with a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus chloropicrin (Pic) and soil solarization for 7 days were evaluated under different plastic films and sequences of application for their effects on soilborne pests and marketable yield of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). Shank injection of fumigants under a virtually impermeable film (VIF) using a novel application apparatus dramatically improved their retention in the soil. Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in soil declined significantly when fumigation or solarization was combined with VIF compared with either soil disinfestation treatment applied under low-density polyethylene. When compared with an untreated control, significant reductions in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), purple nutsedge (C. rotundus), and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) were achieved with a reduced dosage of fumigant when applications were made 7 days after planting beds were covered with VIF. A 7-day delay in fumigant application in beds covered by low-density polyethylene significantly increased marketable yield of pepper when compared with an untreated control. The results demonstrate that chemical and nonchemical soil disinfestation methods can be combined with novel application technology and procedures to improve their spectrum of pest control and reduce fumigant application rates.

Purple Nutsedge Control with Allyl Isothiocyanate under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Nutsedge control is challenging in commercial vegetable production in the absence of methyl bromide, and therefore, an effective alternative is needed. This study investigated allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) as a methyl bromide alternative for purple nutsedge control under polyethylene-mulch. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the retention of allyl ITC in treated soil (3,000 nmol g−1) under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of allyl ITC (6 rates: 0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1500 kg ai ha−1) under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide+chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ai ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. In the greenhouse experiment, the predicted half-life of allyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 0.15 and 0.59 d, respectively. In the field experiment, it was predicted that allyl ITC at 1,240 and 1,097 kg ha−1under VIF mulch is required to control purple nutsedge shoot and tubers equivalent to methyl bromide + chloropicrin at 4 wk after treatment (WAT). It is concluded that allyl ITC under VIF mulch would need to be applied at 2.8 to 3.2 times the standard treatment of methyl bromide + chloropicrin under LDPE mulch for commercially acceptable purple nutsedge control.

Integration of a Brassicaceae Cover Crop with Herbicides in Plasticulture Tomato

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Weeds are a major constraint in tomato production, especially in the absence of methyl bromide. Field trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the integrated use of a mustard ‘Caliente’ (a blend of brown and white mustard) cover crop with one-half and full rate PRE/POST herbicides for weed control and crop response in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Caliente was flail mowed and incorporated into the soil prior to forming beds. PRE herbicides were applied under polyethylene mulch, and POST herbicides were sprayed over the top of tomato. Full rates for S-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron were 1,600, 27, and 7.9 g ai/ha, respectively. Caliente had no effect on weed control or tomato injury and yield. Except for large crabgrass control and tomato injury and yield, only the main effect of herbicide selection and application rate affected these parameters. Tomato injury was minimal (< 6%) from PRE- and POST-applied herbicides. S-metolachlor applied PRE provided 66% purple nutsedge, 67% yellow nutsedge, and 77% Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after transplanting (WATP). S-metolachlor–treated plots at the full rate produced the highest marketable fruit yield among herbicide treatments, with jumbo fruit yield equivalent to the hand-weeded treatment. Trifloxysulfuron was the best POST-applied herbicide based on marketable yield and weed control. POST-applied trifloxysulfuron provided 41% purple nutsedge, 58% yellow nutsedge, and 55% Palmer amaranth control at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied PRE controlled purple and yellow nutsedge 70 and 78%, respectively, at 4 WATP, and POST-applied halosulfuron controlled purple nutsedge 74% and yellow nutsedge 78% at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied either PRE or POST failed to control Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass. Greater weed control and marketable tomato yield were achieved with full rates of herbicides. This research demonstrates no additional advantage of Caliente mustard when used with herbicides in tomato. None of the PRE or POST herbicides applied alone were sufficient to maintain season-long, broad-spectrum weed control and optimum marketable yield in tomato. Therefore, integration of PRE and POST herbicides at full rates is suggested.

scholarly journals The Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Weed and Nematode Control, Fruit Yield, and Quality of Florida Fresh-market Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Gioia ◽  
Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
Jason Hong ◽  
Nancy Kokalis-Burelle ◽  
Joseph Albano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Yield And Quality

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is considered a promising sustainable alternative to chemical soil fumigation (CSF), and has been shown to be effective against soilborne diseases, plant-parasitic nematodes, and weeds in several crop production systems. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the effects of ASD on crop yield and quality. Therefore, a field study was conducted on fresh-market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in two different locations in Florida (Immokalee and Citra), to evaluate and compare the ASD and CSF performances on weed and nematodes control, and on fruit yield and quality. In Immokalee, Pic-Clor 60 (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin) was used as the CSF, whereas in Citra, the CSF was Paldin™ [dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + chloropicrin]. Anaerobic soil disinfestation treatments were applied using a mix of composted poultry litter (CPL) at the rate of 22 Mg·ha−1, and two rates of molasses [13.9 (ASD1) and 27.7 m3·ha−1 (ASD2)] as a carbon (C) source. In both locations, soil subjected to ASD reached highly anaerobic conditions, and cumulative soil anaerobiosis was 167% and 116% higher in ASD2 plots than in ASD1 plots, in Immokalee and Citra, respectively. In Immokalee, the CSF provided the most significant weed control, but ASD treatments also suppressed weeds enough to prevent an impact on yield. In Citra, all treatments, including the CSF, provided poor weed control relative to the Immokalee site. In both locations, the application of ASD provided a level of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) control equivalent to, or more effective than the CSF. In Immokalee, ASD2 and ASD1 plots provided 26.7% and 19.7% higher total marketable yield as compared with CSF plots, respectively. However, in Citra, total marketable yield was unaffected by soil treatments. Tomato fruit quality parameters were not influenced by soil treatments, except for fruit firmness in Immokalee, which was significantly higher in fruits from ASD treatments than in those from CSF soil. Fruit mineral content was similar or higher in ASD plots as compared with CSF. In fresh-market tomato, ASD applied using a mixture of CPL and molasses may be a sustainable alternative to CSF for maintaining or even improving marketable yield and fruit quality.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control with Reduced Rates of Dimethyl Disulfide in Combination with Totally Impermeable Film

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore McAvoy ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
High Rate ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Standard Rate

Methyl bromide (MBr) was widely used as a soil fumigant to manage pests in the planting bed prior to transplanting fresh market tomato; however, it has been banned by the United Nations Environment Programme. Alternatives to MBr must be implemented to sustain productivity in fresh market tomato. Dimethyl disulfide plus chloropicrin (DMDS : Pic) is a fumigant alternative to methyl bromide for the management of yellow nutsedge and other soil-borne pests in tomato. Fumigant costs, environmental concerns, and risk mitigation measures encourage reduced fumigant application rates. Virtually impermeable film (VIF) and totally impermeable film (TIF) provide greater fumigant retention than low density and high density polyethylene film, VIF and TIF can allow for reduced fumigant application rates while maintaining fumigant efficacy. The objectives of this research were to evaluate TIF with reduced rates of shank-applied DMDS : Pic (79 : 21 w/w) for the control of yellow nutsedge in tomato. Treatments included a standard rate of DMDS : Pic (468 L ha−1) under VIF and TIF, a high rate (561 L ha−1) under VIF, three reduced rates (187 L ha−1, 281 L ha−1, and 374 L ha−1) under TIF, and a nontreated control under TIF and VIF. Results indicated rates may be reduced from a standard 468 L ha−1under VIF to 187 L ha−1(67% reduction) under TIF while maintaining yellow nutsedge control and tomato yields. In addition, the results indicated that nontreated TIF managed yellow nutsedge better than nontreated VIF because of decreased penetration of the mulch by yellow nutsedge.

scholarly journals Yield and Quality of Carrot Cultivars with Eight Nitrogen Rates and Best Management Practices

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Robert Conway Hochmuth ◽  
Marina Burani-Arouca ◽  
Charles Edward Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Application Rates

Carrot (Daucus carota) production has increased in North Florida and South Georgia since 2015. Deep sandy soils, moderate winter climate, availability of irrigation water, and proximity to eastern markets are favorable for carrot production in the region. Nitrogen (N) is required for successful carrot production, and the current recommended N application rate in Florida is 196 kg·ha−1. The objective of this study was to verify the recommended N rate for the sandy soils of North Florida using current industry standard cultivars and practices. Carrot cultivars for the whole carrot fresh market, Choctaw and Maverick, and cultivars for the cut-and-peel market, Triton and Uppercut 25, were direct seeded on 102-cm-wide pressed bed tops on 29 Oct. 2016 and 2 Nov. 2017 in Live Oak, FL. Eight N application rates (56, 112, 168, 224, 280, 336, 392, and 448 kg·ha−1) were tested, and all N applications were placed on the bed top. N rates were split and timed to increase N use efficiency. Regression analyses were used to determine the optimal N rate for carrots in North Florida. A quadratic plateau regression for both seasons combined indicated 206 kg·ha−1 N was the optimal rate for carrots, with marketable yield of 71.3 Mg·ha−1, regardless of cultivar. All four cultivars attained acceptable yield including Uppercut 25, which exhibited significant foliage damage following freezing temperatures. This study resulted in updated information on best management practices for carrot production in Florida, especially nutrient stewardship.

scholarly journals Tomato Growth, Yield, and Root Development, Soil Nitrogen and Water Distribution as Affected by Nitrogen and Irrigation Rates on a Florida Sandy Soil

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1744-1755
Author(s):  
Ibukun T. Ayankojo ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni ◽  
Guodong D. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Rates

Effective nutrient and irrigation management practices are critical for optimum growth and yield in open-field fresh-market tomato production. Although nutrient and irrigation management practices have been well-studied for tomato production in Florida, more studies of the current highly efficient production systems would be considered essential. Therefore, a two-season (Fall 2016 and Spring 2017) study was conducted in Immokalee, FL, to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen (N) rates under different irrigation regimes and to determine the optimum N requirement for open-field fresh-market tomato production. To evaluate productivity, the study investigated the effects of N rates and irrigation regimes on plant and root growth, yield, and production efficiency of fresh-market tomato. The study demonstrated that deficit irrigation (DI) targeting 66% daily evapotranspiration (ET) replacement significantly increased tomato root growth compared with full irrigation (FI) at 100% ET. Similarly, DI application increased tomato growth early in the season compared with FI. Therefore, irrigation applications may be adjusted downward from FI, especially early during a wet season, thereby potentially improving irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and reducing leaching potential of Florida sandy soils. However, total marketable yield significantly increased under FI compared with DI. This suggests that although DI may increase early plant growth, the application of DI throughout the season may result in yield reduction. Although N application rates had no significant effects on biomass production, tomato marketable yield with an application rate of 134 kg·ha−1 N was significantly lower compared with other N application rates (179, 224, and 269 kg·ha−1). It was also observed that there were no significant yield benefits with N application rates higher than 179 kg·ha−1. During the fall, iWUE was higher under DI (33.57 kg·m−3) than under FI (25.57 kg·m−3); however, iWUE was similar for both irrigation treatments during spring (FI = 14.04 kg·m−3; DI = 15.29 kg·m−3). The N recovery (REC-N) rate was highest with 134 kg·ha−1 N; however, REC-N was similar with 179, 224, and 269 kg·ha−1 N rates during both fall and spring. Therefore, these study results could suggest that DI could be beneficial to tomato production only when applied during early growth stages, but not throughout the growing season. Both yield and efficiency results indicated that the optimum N requirement for open-field fresh-market tomato production in Florida may not exceed 179 kg·ha−1 N.

scholarly journals Reduction of Phytophthora cactorum in Strawberry Fields by Trichoderma spp. and Soil Solarization

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Porras ◽  
C. Barrau ◽  
F. T. Arroyo ◽  
B. Santos ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Field experiments were conducted in southwest Spain for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of solarization and Trichoderma spp., alone and combined, in reducing Phytophthora cactorum soil populations and consequently leather rot on fruit of strawberry plants. Plots (12.5 by 3.3 m), never treated with methyl bromide, were naturally infested by P. cactorum. Solarization was conducted during the summer, using clear 50-µm low-density polyethylene mulch. Trichoderma spp. were applied via drip and dip, adding to the soil 7 days before planting (108 conidia/m2), and strawberry roots were dipped in a suspension of Trichoderma spp. (106 conidia/ml) prior to planting. Solarization reduced the soil P. cactorum population 100% in year 1, 47% in year 2, and 55% in year 3 relative to the untreated control. Trichoderma spp. applications reduced soil populations of P. cactorum and reduced leather rot incidence 76.6% in year 1 and 33.8% in year 2 compared with the untreated control. The combination of solarization and Trichoderma spp. reduced P. cactorum soil population the most each year, 88.9% in January 2001, 97.6% in 2002, and 99.0% in 2003. The very promising effect of Trichoderma spp. and solarization against P. cactorum indicates that there may be future alternatives to traditional chemicals for disease control.

Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control with Fumigant and Pebulate Combinations in Tomato

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of fumigant-pebulate combinations on purple nutsedge density in fresh market tomato. Treatments consisted of methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBr plus Pic) [67:33] at rates of 270 and 130 kg/ha, respectively; Pic plus pebulate at 400 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; metham (MNa) plus pebulate at 485 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; dazomet plus pebulate at 950 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; and 1,3-dicholopropene plus Pic (C-17) [87:13] plus pebulate at 392 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively. At 12 wk after treatment, MBr plus Pic controlled purple nutsedge more effectively (10 plants/m2) than the fumigant-pebulate combinations (50 to 70 plants/m2). Compared to MBr plus Pic, Pic plus pebulate had a 14% lower marketable yield. No differences in marketable yield were noted with dazomet plus pebulate or C-17 plus pebulate compared to MBr plus Pic. However, MNa plus pebulate produced a 15% higher yield than MBr plus Pic. Additionally, MNa plus pebulate had 15% higher marketable fruit weight than MBr plus Pic.

scholarly journals Resurgence of Soilborne Pests in Doublecropped Cucumber after Application of Methyl Bromide Chemical Alternatives and Solarization in Tomato

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Timothy N. Motis ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
Joseph W. Noling ◽  
Salvadore J. Locascio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Field studies were conducted during four consecutive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) -cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rotations to examine the longterm residual effects of tomato methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne pests in double-cropped cucumber. Four treatments were established in tomato fields: a) nontreated control; b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (67:33 by weight) at a rate of 350 lb/acre; c) tank-mixed pebulate + napropamide at 4 and 2 lb/acre, respectively, followed by 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83:17 by volume) at 40 gal/acre; and d) napropamide at 2 lb/acre followed by soil solarization for 7 to 8 weeks. Each of the following seasons, cucumber was planted in the same tomato plots without removing mulch films. For nutsedge [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus)] densities, napropamide followed by solarization plots had equal control (≤15 plants/m2) as MBr + Pic during all four cropping seasons. However, nematode control with solarization was inconsistent. Marketable yield data proved that fumigation in tomato fields with either MBr + Pic or pebulate + napropamide followed by 1,3-D + Pic had a long-term effect on double-cropped cucumber.

Evaluating anaerobic soil disinfestation and other biological soil management strategies for open-field tomato production in Florida

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodh R. Paudel ◽  
Francesco Di Gioia ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
Jason C. Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Crop Performance

AbstractIn the search for alternative practices to chemical soil fumigation (CSF), anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has proven to be a promising tool for soil-borne pest management and crop production improvement. The ASD treatment with composted poultry litter (CPL) and molasses (M, a labile carbon source) was identified as an effective approach for a biologically based soil disinfestation system in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Florida. However, environmental and food-safety concerns are associated with animal manure-based amendments, which led to the exploration of composted yard waste (CYW) as a potential substitute for CPL in ASD application. In this study, field trials were conducted in Citra and Immokalee, FL to examine the effects of ASD using CYW, CPL and M compared with a commercially available microbial amendment system on root-knot nematodes, weeds, fruit yield and quality of fresh-market tomato. Treatments included (1) ASD with CPL (11 Mg ha−1) and M (6.9 m3 ha−1) (ASD0.5), (2) ASD with CYW (26.9 Mg ha−1) and M (CYW1 + M), (3) ASD with CYW (13.5 Mg ha−1) and M (CYW0.5 + M), (4) Soil Symphony Amendment (SSA), (5) CYW (26.9 Mg ha−1) alone (CYW1) and (6) a combination of CYW1 + SSA, in comparison with (7) untreated control and (8) CSF (Pic-Clor 60 at 224 kg ha−1). Cumulative soil anaerobiosis was greater in ASD0.5 compared with all the other treatments. The root-knot nematode gall index ratings on the tomato crop were significantly lower in CSF, ASD0.5, CYW1 + M and CYW0.5 + M than untreated control in Citra. Although CYW1 and SSA alone had a moderately suppressive effect on weed coverage and root-knot nematodes, their positive impact on crop performance was limited when used alone. ASD0.5, CYW1 + M and CSF had significantly higher marketable and total fruit yields than untreated control in both locations, while all treatments showed promising results in the Immokalee trial in comparison with untreated control. In general, few differences in major fruit quality attributes were found. Although using CYW in ASD was not as effective as CPL in creating soil anaerobic conditions, the enhanced crop performance in CYW1 + M and CYW0.5 + M suggests the potential of using CYW as an alternative source of organic amendment in combination with M to achieve benefits similar to those obtained with CPL-based ASD.

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