Spring Glyphosate Application for Selective Control of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorumL.) on Great Basin Rangelands

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo Morris ◽  
Lesley R. Morris ◽  
Cheryl Surface
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Annual Grasses

Downy brome has converted millions of hectares of Great Basin rangelands from shrubland to annual grass-dominated systems. Methods for removing downy brome from sites that already have perennial grasses established are especially needed because of the difficulty in re-establishing perennial species. In this study, early spring applications of glyphosate alone and glyphosate plus imazapic were monitored for 2 yr. Cover of downy brome was reduced from 45 to 10% by spring application of glyphosate alone and to approximately 1% with the addition of imazapic. Perennial grass cover was not affected by the spring application of glyphosate. The addition of imazapic reduced perennial grass cover in the first year; however, it recovered by the second year. The selective response to glyphosate may be due to differences in growth stage or dormancy characteristics between annual and perennial species. Our findings suggest spring application of glyphosate may provide an alternative approach for managing annual grasses on Great Basin rangelands.

Effects of perennial species on the demography of annual grass weeds in pastures subject to seasonal drought and grazing

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
R. D. Cousens ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum

A field experiment was established in a southern Australian temperate pasture to investigate the effects of identity and proximity of perennial grasses on the demography of the annual grasses Vulpia spp. (V. myuros, V. bromoides) and Hordeum leporinum (barley grass). Annual grasses were grown either alone or in mixtures, at different distances from rows of Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) and Phalaris aquatica (phalaris). Dactylis had a greater suppressive effect than Phalaris on Vulpia and Hordeum. Biomass, tiller production, and panicle production of annual grasses increased linearly with increasing distance from the perennial row. Tiller and panicle production were greater for Vulpia than Hordeum. The estimated rate of population growth (λ) for annual grasses was greater in Phalaris than in Dactylis and in Vulpia than in Hordeum, and increased with sowing distance from perennial grass rows. It was estimated that λ, when seeds were sown directly adjacent to a row of perennial grasses, was 1 and 0.4 for Vulpia and Hordeum, respectively, within Dactylis stands, and 7 and 3, respectively, within Phalaris stands. However, 15 cm from the row, λ reached 50 and 39 for Vulpia and Hordeum, respectively, within Phalaris stands, and 39 and 16, respectively, within Dactylis stands. In grazed, dryland pastures, perennial competition alone is therefore unlikely to prevent population growth of annual grasses, especially in systems heavily disturbed by grazing or drought. However, Dactylis showed more promise than Phalaris in limiting the abundance of these weeds.

Effects of Ventenata dubia removal on rangelands of northeast Wyoming

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Marshall Hart ◽  
Brian A. Mealor
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
One Year

Abstract Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss is one of several annual grass invaders of the western US. Ventenata dubia is documented reducing the forage availability for livestock and wildlife as well as lowering biodiversity in the Great Basin. This species has recently spread to the Great Plains, where it could bring these impacts with it. We attempt to answer questions on whether or not conservation practices, in this case removal of V. dubia with herbicide, results in recovery of forage resources and biodiversity. We answer these questions by measuring biomass, cover, and nutrient content one year post treatment at eleven sites in Sheridan County, Wyoming, conducted in two years. Perennial grasses have higher crude protein and total digestible nutrients than V. dubia and removal of V. dubia resulted in a positive perennial grass response both years. Further, the differences in pattern of growth between perennial and annual species, with annual grasses quickly senescing early in the year, make perennial grasses a more dependable forage base with higher available nutrients. Interestingly, total biomass and nutrient mass did not change after V. dubia removal due to equal replacement with perennial grasses. Species richness and diversity were unaffected by removal of V. dubia. Our results suggest that managing invasive annual grasses, particularly V. dubia, in the northern Great Plains can improve forage resources for livestock and wildlife while maintaining species diversity. Therefore, proactive monitoring and management efforts to prevent spread should be prioritized in this region.

Propoxycarbazone-Sodium and Imazapic Effects on Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Newly Seeded Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M. Sbatella ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Charlie Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Russian Wildrye

AbstractVigorous stands of perennial grasses can effectively provide long-term control of many invasive plants on rangelands. However, in degraded conditions, successful reestablishment of perennial grasses can be compromised by invasive annual grasses, such as downy brome. Propoxycarbazone-sodium is a selective herbicide currently labeled for downy brome control in small grains, but its potential use on rangelands is unknown. Studies were conducted from 2004 through 2008 at three rangeland sites in Colorado and Nebraska to evaluate downy brome control and perennial grass injury with propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Propoxycarbazone-sodium provided satisfactory downy brome control with grass injury equal to or less than imazapic when rainfall followed the fall application. A second set of studies was conducted from 2007 to 2008 at Lingle, WY, and Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the plant-back interval and postemergence application response of seven perennial grass species to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Grass tolerance to both herbicides was good when applied 90 and 120 d before planting (DBP). However, grass injury increased as plant-back interval decreased. The greatest impact on plant biomass was observed from herbicide applied at planting or after planting. Crested and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatumandThinopyrum intermedium) biomass production was not affected when herbicides were applied 90 or 120 DBP. Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) showed tolerance to imazapic applied before planting. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) showed the least amount of tolerance to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic.

Role of Size and Nitrogen in Competition between Annual and Perennial Grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Noelle Orloff ◽  
Jane M. Mangold ◽  
Fabian D. Menalled
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Bluebunch Wheatgrass ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grass ◽  
N Enrichment

AbstractDiffering life histories contribute to difficulties establishing perennial grasses on lands dominated by exotic annual grasses. In a greenhouse study, we investigated to what extent allowing the perennial grass bluebunch wheatgrass to emerge before the exotic annual grass downy brome would increase its competitive ability and whether modifying nitrogen (N) would affect competition. We conducted an addition-series factorial experiment. In three cohort treatments, the two species were seeded concurrently or bluebunch wheatgrass was at the two- or four-leaf stage when downy brome was planted. N treatments were low (ambient) or high (N added to maintain 10 mg kg−1 [0.1286 oz lb−1]). Larger bluebunch wheatgrass avoided suppression by downy brome regardless of N. Under concurrent sowing, doubling downy brome density decreased bluebunch wheatgrass biomass by 22.6% ± 2.38 SE. In contrast, when bluebunch wheatgrass had a four-leaf size advantage, the same increase in downy brome density decreased bluebunch wheatgrass biomass by 4.14% ± 2.31. Larger bluebunch wheatgrass also suppressed downy brome more effectively, but N enrichment decreased the suppressive ability of bluebunch wheatgrass.

Integrated Systems for Control and Management of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) in Cropland

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) may be a troublesome weed in winter small grains, perennial legumes, perennial grasses grown for seed, and orchards. In Nebraska, winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) yields have been depressed 30% by downy brome populations of 11 to 22 plants/m2(8). In Oregon, downy brome densities of 108 to 160 and 538 plants/m2reduced yields by 40 and 92%, respectively (22, 23). In Idaho, wheat yields were depressed 20 to 40% with 55 to 110 plants/m2(18). Downy brome has also been shown to lower yields and quality of hay from infested fields of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) (29). In perennial grass seed fields, downy brome may cause a serious seed quality problem (16). Some grass seed lots have contained as much as 50 to 75% downy brome seed.

Correlations between environmental factors, the biomass of exotic annual grasses and the frequency of native perennial grasses

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja I. Lenz ◽  
José M. Facelli
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses ◽  
Native Perennial Grass

The species composition of temperate grasslands in the mid-north of South Australia has been radically altered from a system dominated by native perennial grasses to a system dominated by Mediterranean annual grasses. This study investigated the importance of chemical and physical soil characteristics, topographical features and climatic variables on the abundance of native and exotic grass species in nine ungrazed grasslands. Overall, climatic and other abiotic factors were highly variable. In addition, past management practices and original species composition are generally unknown, leading to further unexplained variation in the data. On a large spatial scale (among sites), the abundance of exotic annual grasses was positively correlated with mean annual rainfall, and on any scale, with finer soil textures and higher soil organic carbon levels. The most abundant annual grass, Avena barbata (Pott ex Link), was generally associated with soil factors denoting higher soil fertility. The abundance of native perennial grass species was not correlated with any environmental variables at any scale. The various native perennial grass species did not show clear associations with soil factors, although they tended to be associated with factors denoting lower soil fertility. However, at small spatial scales (within some sites) and among sites, the abundances of exotic annual and native perennial grasses were strongly negatively correlated. The results suggest that at the present time, rainfall and soil properties are important variables determining the abundance of annual grasses. The driving variables for the abundance of perennial grasses are less clear. They may be controlled by other factors or extreme rainfall events, which were not surveyed. In addition, they are likely to be controlled by competitive interactions with the annual grasses.

Control of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) with Herbicides and Perennial Grass Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom D. Whitson ◽  
David W. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Long-term control of downy brome with an integrated approach is needed in order to sustain range productivity. Studies were conducted to study the effectiveness of a combination of downy brome control practices. In two studies, glyphosate and paraquat were evaluated at various rates for up to three successive years for control of downy brome in rangeland. A third study evaluated the competitiveness of perennial cool-season grasses against downy brome in the absence of herbicides. Glyphosate, at 0.55 kg/ha, and 0.6 kg/ha paraquat provided selective downy brome control on rangeland when applications were combined with intensive grazing. Downy brome control was greater than 90% following two sequential years of 0.6 kg/ha paraquat at either the two- to eight-leaf stage or bloom stage at both study locations. At one study location, 0.55 kg/ha glyphosate provided 97% control after the first application at both growth stages. In the second study, control averaged greater than 92% following three sequential applications of glyphosate. When perennial cool-season grasses were seeded in the spring following fall tillage (no herbicides) and allowed to establish for three growing seasons, three of the five species were effective in reducing the reestablishment of downy brome. ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass, ‘Hycrest’ crested wheatgrass, ‘Sodar’ streambank wheatgrass, ‘Bozoisky’ Russian wildrye, and ‘Critana’ thickspike wheatgrass controlled 100, 91, 85, 45, and 32% of the downy brome, respectively. Yields of perennial grass dry matter were 1,714, 1,596, 1,135, 900, and 792 kg/ha. Replacing noncompetitive annual grasses with competitive cool-season perennials will provide a longer term solution to a downy brome problem than the use of herbicides alone or with intensive grazing.

scholarly journals Changes in yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) abundance after drought implications for pasture management

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
C.A. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Previous Summer

Yellow bristle grass (YBG) which is a summeractive annual grass reduces pasture quality and becomes unpalatable to stock as panicles mature Farmers are concerned that an extreme drought from November 2007 to March 2008 may have facilitated the spread of YBG and other summeractive annual grass weeds Botanical composition was assessed on 12 Waikato dairy farms in February 2009 and YBG abundance was related to key management factors These findings were compared with data collected from the same farms (February 2008) during the drought Between years ryegrass cover and the proportion of bare ground decreased These components were replaced by two summeractive annual grasses YBG and summer grass and to a lesser extent summeractive perennial grasses clovers and dicots In 2009 YBG cover was negatively associated with summeractive perennial grass cover and pH and positively associated with YBG cover in the previous summer and soil calcium levels

scholarly journals Seedling defoliation may enhance survival of dominant wheatgrasses but not Poa secunda seeded for restoration in the sagebrush steppe of the Northern Great Basin

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsie M Denton ◽  
Lysandra A Pyle ◽  
Roger L Sheley
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Sagebrush Steppe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Poa Secunda ◽  
Dryland Ecosystems ◽  
Defoliation Frequency

Abstract Restoration of dryland ecosystems is often limited by low seedling establishment and survival. Defoliation caused by insects and small mammals could be an overlooked cause of seedling mortality. In the sagebrush steppe, we examined the effect of seedling defoliation on the survival of perennial grasses commonly used as restoration materials. Under field conditions, seedlings of three perennial bunchgrass species [non-native Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., and native grasses Poa secunda J. Presl, Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve] were defoliated at two intensities (30% and 70% leaf length removal) and frequencies (1 or 2 clippings) and compared to a non-defoliated control. Following emergence the first year, clippings occurred at the 2-leaf stage; a second clipping occurred one month later for repeated defoliation treatments. We monitored seedling survival and tillering for 2 years. We expected higher defoliation intensity and frequency to reduce survival for all species, but only a few treatments reduced P. secunda survival. Conversely, larger-statured Triticeae (wheatgrasses) benefited from some defoliation treatments. In both years, A. cristatum survival increased with repeated defoliation at both intensities. Defoliation did not affect P. spicata survival in the first year, but a single defoliation in the second year resulted in increased survival. In both A. cristatum and P. spicata, higher intensity defoliation reduced the boost to survival resulting from defoliation frequency. Seedlings with more tillers had greater survival probabilities, but tiller number was unaffected by defoliation. Further research may elucidate mechanisms seedlings use to compensate for or benefit from defoliation. In the meantime, managers should aim to select defoliation-tolerant species if they anticipate herbivory will be problematic for restoration sites.

scholarly journals Observed Effects of Warm Season Perennial Grass Agriculture on Resident Mammal Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
David D. Leimbach ◽  
Gregg J. Marcello
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Population Numbers

<p>This study focused on the observed impact of switching from a corn / soybean agricultural rotation to the planting of warm season perennial grasses for use in biomass agriculture, as well as the subsequent effects on resident mammal populations. We trapped two parcels of land planted in warm season perennial grasses between September 2011 and October 2013 in order to obtain a census of the mammal populations residing upon the property and to determine the impact (if any) of the change in agriculture. During the first year of the study, a seemingly inhospitable (urban) agricultural area revealed a diverse population of inhabitants. The second year of trapping resulted in the capture of 2 new species (total of 7 species captured) and the noticeable absence of 1 species; a distinct shift in mammal populations had been observed. There was an inverse relationship between the population increase of <em>Peromyscus maniculatus</em> during 2012 and the decline in the population of <em>Peromyscus leucopus. </em>When a Chi-square test was run (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), the hypothesis of competitive exclusion appeared to be supported. In the third year, population numbers of <em>Peromyscus</em> <em>maniculatus</em> had also plummeted. We observed that warm season perennial grass monoculture had an adverse impact on resident mammal species.</p>

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