Morphological Analysis of the Rice Root System Based on Root Diameter.

In recent years, the alternating occurrence of high temperature and waterlogging disasters in South China has seriously reduced the yield of single cropping rice. Studying the changes in anatomical structure of the rice root system could provide theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of high temperature and waterlogging stress. To examine interactions between temperature and waterlogging stress, an experiment was set up in a growth chamber consisting of two temperatures (moderate, 30–34 °C and high, 35–38 °C) with three depths of flooding (0–5, 10 and 15 cm). Treatments commenced at the booting stage and lasted five days, after which all treatments were returned to a 0–5 cm flooding depth and the same temperature regime. Observations were made immediately after cessation of treatments, then after 5, 10 and 20 d to test the effect of treatments on subsequent root anatomical development. The low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature) showed no change with time in aerenchyma area, thickness of the outer root, stele diameter, and the number nor diameter of xylem vessels. Root diameter and stele diameter under the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas the high stress control (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature). Compared to the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature), the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could reduce the damage of high temperature on rice root growth. Low water depth waterlogging has little effect on rice root system and aerenchyma area root diameter at 0, 5, 10 and 20 d after the stress ended, and the thickness of the outer root, stele diameter and the number and diameter of vessels at 0 d under M15 (15 cm, medium temperature) had no significant difference compared with M5 (0–5 cm, medium temperature). However, the increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root cortex depth and vessel diameter were inhibited under high temperature stress at the booting stage. Root diameter and stele diameter under H5 (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas H15 (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the M5. Compared to H5, the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could lighten the damage of high temperature on rice root growth.

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Global Genome Expression Analysis of Transcription Factors under PEG Osmotic Stress in Rice Root System

ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1006.2009.01030 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1030-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ting-Chen MA ◽

Rong-Jun CHEN ◽

Rong-Rong YU ◽

Han-Lai ZENG ◽

Duan-Pin ZHANG

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Root System ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Rice Root ◽

Genome Expression

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Grafting the Indeterminate Tomato Cultivar Moneymaker onto Multifort Rootstock Improves Cold Tolerance

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13311-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 1610-1617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David H. Suchoff ◽

Penelope Perkins-Veazie ◽

Heike W. Sederoff ◽

Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽

Matthew D. Kleinhenz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Warm Season ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Sink Strength ◽

Tomato Cultivar ◽

Calcined Clay ◽

Suboptimal Temperature ◽

Energy Inputs ◽

Cold Sensitive

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a warm-season, cold-sensitive crop that shows slower growth and development at temperatures below 18 °C. Improving suboptimal temperature tolerance would allow earlier planting of field-grown tomato and a reduction in energy inputs for heating greenhouses. Grafting tomato onto high-altitude Solanum habrochaites (S. Knapp and D.M. Spooner) accessions has proven effective at improving scion suboptimal temperature tolerance in limited experiments. This study was conducted to determine whether commercially available tomato rootstocks with differing parental backgrounds and root system morphologies can improve the tolerance of scion plants to suboptimal temperature. Two controlled environment growth chambers were used and maintained at either optimal (25 °C day/20 °C night) or suboptimal (15 °C day/15 °C night) temperatures. The cold-sensitive tomato cultivar Moneymaker was used as the nongrafted and self-grafted control as well as scion grafted on ‘Multifort’ (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites), ‘Shield’ (S. lycopersicum), and S. habrochaites LA1777 rootstocks. Plants were grown for 10 days in 3.8 L plastic containers filled with a mixture of calcined clay and sand. ‘Multifort’ rootstock significantly reduced the amount of cold-induced stress as observed by larger leaf area and higher levels of CO2 assimilation and photosystem II quantum efficiency. ‘Multifort’ had significantly longer roots, having 42% to 56% more fine root (diameter less than 0.5 mm) length compared with the other nongrafted and grafted treatments. Leaf starch concentration was significantly lower in ‘Multifort’-grafted plants at suboptimal temperatures compared with the self-grafted and nongrafted controls and the ‘Shield’-grafted plants at the same temperature. The ability for ‘Multifort’ to maintain root growth at suboptimal temperatures may improve root system sink strength, thereby promoting movement of photosynthate from leaf to root even under cold conditions. This work demonstrates that a commercially available rootstock can be used to improve suboptimal temperature tolerance in cold-sensitive ‘Moneymaker’ scions.

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Does the lack of root hairs alter root system architecture of Zea mays?

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9710 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Steffen Schlüter ◽

Eva Lippold ◽

Maxime Phalempin ◽

Doris Vetterlein

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Root System ◽

Root Hair ◽

System Architecture ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Wild Type ◽

Defective Mutant

Root hairs are one root trait among many which enables plants to adapt to environmental conditions. How different traits are coordinated and whether some are mutually exclusive is currently poorly understood. Comparing a root hair defective mutant with its corresponding wild-type we explored if and how the mutant exhibited root growth adaption strategies and as to how far this depended on the substrate.Zea mays root hair defective mutant (rth3) and the corresponding wild-type siblings were grown on two substrates with contrasting texture and hence nutrient mobility. Root system architecture was investigated over time using repeated X-ray computed tomography.There was no plastic adaption of root system architecture to the lack of root hairs, which resulted in lower uptake in particular in the substrate with low P mobility. The function of the root hairs for anchoring did not result in different depth profiles of the root length density between genotypes. Both maize genotypes showed a marked response to substrate. This was well reflected in the spatiotemporal development of rhizosphere volume fraction but especially in the strong response of root diameter to substrate, irrespective of genotype.The most salient root plasticity trait was root diameter in response to substrate, whereas coping mechanisms for missing root hairs were less evident. Further experiments are required to elucidate whether observed differences can be explained by mechanical properties beyond mechanical impedance, root or microbiome ethylene production or differences in diffusion processes within the root or the rhizosphere.

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Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04098-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 629-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew B. Bertucci ◽

David H. Suchoff ◽

Katherine M. Jennings ◽

David W. Monks ◽

Christopher C. Gunter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Systems ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Diameter Class ◽

Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

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The rice root system: from QTLs to genes to alleles

Drought Frontiers in Rice ◽

10.1142/9789814280013_0010 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 171-188

Author(s):

Brigitte Courtois ◽

Nourollah Ahmadi ◽

Christophe Perin ◽

Delphine Luquet ◽

Emmanuel Guiderdoni

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Rice Root

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Study on measurement method for apple root morphological parameters based on Labview

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-019-0535-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Ji Qian ◽

Xin Yang ◽

Bao Di ◽

Juan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Relative Error ◽

Root Length ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Volume ◽

Seedling Roots

Abstract Background Traditional measurements of apple seedling roots often rely on manual measurements and existing root scanners on the market. Manual measurement requires a lot of labor and time, and subjective reasons may cause the uncertainty of data; root scanners have limited scanning size and expensive. In case of fruit roots, coverage and occlusion issues will occur, resulting in inaccurate results, but our research solved this problem. Results The background plate was selected according to the color of the seedling roots; the image of the roots of the collected apple seedlings was preprocessed with Vision Development Module by combining image and Labview. The root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings were measured by combining root characteristic parameters algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of measurement system for root morphology of apple seedlings was designed, and the measurement result was compared with the Canadian root system WinRHIZO 2016 (Canada). With application of SPSS v22.0 analysis, the significance P > 0.01 indicated that the difference was not significant. The relative error of surface area was less than 0.5%. The relative error of the average diameter and length of the root system was less than 0.1%, and the relative error of the root volume was less than 0.2%. Conclusions It not only proved that the root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings could be accurately measured by the method described herein, which was handy in operation, but also reduced the cost by 80–90% compared with the conventional scanner.

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Genome-wide transcriptome dissection of the rice root system: implications for developmental and physiological functions

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04777.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 126-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Hinako Takehisa ◽

Yutaka Sato ◽

Motoko Igarashi ◽

Tomomi Abiko ◽

Baltazar A. Antonio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Rice Root ◽

Physiological Functions ◽

Genome Wide

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Root system variability in common legumes in Central Europe

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-011-0138-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lucie Chmelíková ◽

Michal Hejcman

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Systems ◽

Life Forms ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Legume Species ◽

Minimum Diameter ◽

Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽

Nodule Shape ◽

System Variability ◽

Trifolium Arvense

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide an overview of field measured root systems of common legume species growing under different environmental conditions in the Czech Republic. The plants, 214 individuals of 21 selected legume species from the tribes Galegeae (Astragalus glycyphyllos, Lupinus polyphyllus), Genisteae (Cytisus scoparius, Genista tinctoria), Loteae (Anthyllis vulneraria, Lotus corniculatus, Securigera varia), Trifolieae (Trifolium arvense, T. campestre, T. medium, T. pratense, T. repens) and Vicieae (Lathyrus pratensis, L. sylvestris, Vicia angustifolia, V. cracca, V. hirsuta), were collected using the monolith method from 27 sites.A rhizome was present in seven species and the maximum branching order was three for 15 species and five for five species. Recovery buds were recorded on the root system of eight species and woodiness was recorded in 11 species. Root diameter ranged from 1 to 12 mm — the minimum diameter was recorded in annuals and the maximum in perennials. The colour of the root system ranged from light to dark. In six species, young roots were light and older roots were dark. Globose, cylindrical, branched, fan-like and ruff-like nodules were recorded. Only one type of nodule shape was recorded in 11 species, two in seven species and three or four in three species. Nodules measured up to 2 mm in nine species, from 2 to 4 mm in three species and more than 4 mm in nine species. Legume root systems are highly variable and the variability was due to Raunkier’s life forms rather than membership of a tribe.

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Precrop root system determines root diameter of subsequent crop

Biology and Fertility of Soils ◽

10.1007/s00374-015-1049-5 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 113-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Eusun Han ◽

Timo Kautz ◽

Ulrich Köpke

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Subsequent Crop

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