Assessing Incidence Patterns and Risk Factors for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peshawar Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M’Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M’Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M’Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M’Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.

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Spatiotemporal patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the district upper and lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A GIS-based spatial approaches

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105861 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 217 ◽

pp. 105861

Author(s):

Ismail Zeb ◽

Naveeda Akhter Qureshi ◽

Nargis Shaheen ◽

Mazhar Iqbal Zafar ◽

Abid Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

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Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cukurova region, Turkey

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.12.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 106 (3) ◽

pp. 186-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jan Votýpka ◽

Ozge Erisoz Kasap ◽

Petr Volf ◽

Petr Kodym ◽

Bulent Alten

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a high-altitude forest region of Peru

Tropical Medicine and Health ◽

10.1186/s41182-021-00332-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Justin T. Lana ◽

Andrés Mallipudi ◽

Ernesto J. Ortiz ◽

Jairo H. Arevalo ◽

Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Early Morning ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Domestic Spaces ◽

Field Worker ◽

Home Interview ◽

Women And Children

Abstract Background American cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease typically associated with men working in remote, sylvatic environments. We sought to identify CL risk factors in a highly deforested region where anecdotal reports suggested an atypical proportion of women and children were infected with CL raising concern among authorities that transmission was shifting towards domestic spaces and population centers. Methods We describe the characteristics of CL patients from four participating clinics after digitizing up to 10 years of patient data from each clinic’s CL registries. We assessed risk factors of CL associated with intradomestic, peridomestic, or non-domestic transmission through a matched case-control study with 63 patients who had visited these same clinics for CL (cases) or other medical reasons (controls) between January 2014 and August 2016. The study consisted of an in-home interview of participants by a trained field worker using a standard questionnaire. Risk factors were identified using bivariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Results Between 2007 and 2016, a total of 529 confirmed CL positives were recorded in the available CL registries. Children and working aged women made up 58.6% of the cases. Our final model suggests that the odds of sleeping in or very near an agricultural field were five times greater in cases than controls (p = 0.025). Survey data indicate that women, children, and men have similar propensities to both visit and sleep in or near agricultural fields. Conclusions Women and children may be underappreciated as CL risk groups in agriculturally dependent regions. Despite the age-sex breakdown of clinical CL patients and high rates of deforestation occurring in the study area, transmission is mostly occurring outside of the largest population centers. Curbing transmission in non-domestic spaces may be limited to decreasing exposure to sandflies during the evening, nighttime, and early morning hours. Our paper serves as a cautionary tale for those relying solely on the demographic information obtained from clinic-based data to understand basic epidemiological trends of vector-borne infections.

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RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF BRAZIL

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s1678-9946201658086 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 58 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alberon Ribeiro de ARAUJO ◽

Nairomberg Cavalcanti PORTELA ◽

Ana Paula Sampaio FEITOSA ◽

Otamires Alves da SILVA ◽

Ricardo Andrade Arraes XIMENES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Factors Associated ◽

American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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Prevalence and Risk Factors Analysis for Cryptosporidium in Apparently Healthy Lambs of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Zoology ◽

10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.3.863.868 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Naimat Ullah Khan ◽

Muhammad Hassan Saleem ◽

Aneela Zameer Durrani ◽

Nisar Ahmad ◽

Ayesha Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Factors Analysis ◽

Apparently Healthy

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Identification of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population: A case control study

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.12669/pjms.35.5.258 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Jamila Haider ◽

Ghosia Lutfullah ◽

Irshad Ur Rehman ◽

Irfan Khattak

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Male Gender ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

Objectives: The present study aims to identify the risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1(HIV-1) infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) population by comparing HIV-antibody positive cases with HIV-antibody-negative controls. Methods: The study was designed at the Family Care Centre (FCC), Hayatabad Medical Centre (HMC) Peshawar from February 2015 to December 2016. A total of 280 individuals were selected randomly for the study as cases and control. Data was collected on a structured questionnaire with informed oral consent. The collected data was analysed statistically using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 280 individuals, 56% were males, 44% were females, and 53.21% belonged to the urban areas. The literacy rate was 48.6%, and 75.4% were married. The statistical analysis of risk factors revealed the following factors as of significance value (p < 0.05). Family history of HIV (OR = 9.46), spouse status of HIV (OR=22.22), injection drug users (IDUs), migrants (OR=2.234), use of therapeutic injections (OR= 2.791), employment (OR=2.545), male gender (OR=2.35), tattooing (OR=7.667) and history of blood transfusion (OR= 2.69). Conclusion: The present study revealed spouse status of HIV, tattooing, migrants, IDUs, use of therapeutic injections, history of blood transfusion, male gender and employment as significant risk factors for HIV infection in the population of KP. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.258 How to cite this:Haider J, Lutfullah G, Irshad ur Rehman, Khattak I. Identification of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population: A case control study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.258 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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An Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Methamphetamine/ICE use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Global Sociological Review ◽

10.31703/gsr.2021(vi-i).15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol VI (I) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

Sameer Ul Khaliq Jan ◽

Hamid Alam ◽

Ayub Khan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Exam Preparation ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Causative Factors ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Chi Square Test

The present study aims to analyze the causative factors which are responsible for the use of a stimulant drug methamphetamine which is commonly known as ice. For this purpose, data were collected from the two districts, i.e. Peshawar and Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A conceptual framework consists of Independent variable (ice use frequency) and dependent variables (risk factors). Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 180 ice users by a snowball sampling technique. A Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between independent and dependent variables. The results reveal that a significant (p=0.05) association was found between various risk factors, i.e. easy availability, friends insistence, try out new experiences/curiosity, and use of ice for exam preparation with frequent use of ice. The study recommends that awareness may be created through educational, religious institution and media for the prevention and rehabilitation of ice addiction.

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