THE EFFECT OF AGE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON THE THYMUS GLAND AND LYMPH NODES OF THE MOUSE

1961 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLORENCE J. PEPPER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cortisone Acetate ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of Age

SUMMARY The behaviour of the superficial lymph nodes differs from that of the thymus gland during the various phases of life of the mouse. In male and female Strong A mice the thymus gland regresses with age, but the superficial lymph nodes do not. During pregnancy the thymus undergoes an accelerated temporary regression, but regenerates soon after the end of the lactation period (earlier in non-lactating post-partum females). The superficial lymph nodes show a lesser temporary regression which, however, does not become evident until after parturition. Their regeneration occurs after the lactation period, and after a corresponding period in non-lactating post-partum females. The difference in behaviour of the thymus and of the superficial lymph nodes is probably an indication of the greater sensitivity of the thymus to the increased output of adrenocortical hormones which occurs during pregnancy. Repeated injections of cortisone acetate into the intact animal induce a response in the thymus gland and superficial lymph nodes similar to that evoked by pregnancy.

The measurement of the effects of inherent and environmental factors on the lactose content of the milk of individual cows and of the herd bulk milk in a number of commercial herds

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Walsh ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
F. H. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Lactation Period ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Effect Of Age

Summary(1) In a previous paper (Walsh, Rook & Dodd, 1968) a scheme was devised in which the potential milk lactose content for individual cows was predicted from the observed potassium-to-lactose ratio in the milk, and the difference between the predicted potential and the actual milk lactose contents was partitioned into effects due to age, changes with stage of lactation and inter-quarter difference. The scheme was based on repeated analyses for potassium and lactose of milk from the separate quarters of the udder of each animal at intervals throughout a single lactation, and was applied to 2 commercial herds. A simplified scheme, in which analyses are confined to milk secreted in mid-lactation and in which the measurement of the effect of changes with stage of lactation is omitted, has now been applied to a further 6 commercial herds. The results are reported here, together with those for the mid-lactation period for the 2 herds studied previously.(2) The potassium and lactose contents of the milk of uninfected quarters of the heifers in 4 of the 6 herds and of the second-lactation animals in the 5th herd, which had no heifers, were found to conform with the relationship established previously (Walsh & Rook, 1964) on which the prediction of potential lactose content is based. The values for heifers in the 6th herd did not conform, and the results for this herd are therefore not reported.(3) The range of herd mean values for SNF content was 8·17–8·62% and for lactose content 4·33–4·72%. The overall range for all herds for the predicted potential lactose content of the milk of individual cows was 5·06–5·71 (g/100g milk water). Herd mean values for predicted potential lactose content were, however, generally similar, ranging from 5·240 to 5·486 (g/100g milk water).(4) The range of values for individual cows and the herd mean values for the effects of age and inter-quarter difference showed important differences from herd to herd. Herd mean values for the effect of age varied from −0·028 to −0·266 (g/100g milk water), and there was a similar range, of −0·074 to −0·251 (g/100g milk water), for the effect of inter-quarter difference. In herds where the effect of age was high, the effect of inter-quarter difference also was high.(5) The effects of inter-quarter difference and of udder infections were similar. The loss in milk lactose content was about twice as high in quarters infected with streptococci as in quarters infected with staphylococci.(6) Estimates of herd values for potential lactose content and for the combined effects of age and inter-quarter difference based on analyses of herd bulk milk agreed with corresponding estimates based on analyses of the milk of individual animals within the herd.(7) The importance of variation in milk lactose content as a source of variation in SNF content and the relative importance of predicted potential lactose content and the effects of age and inter-quarter difference as a source of variation in milk lactose content are discussed.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) SEBAGAI SUPLEMEN UNTUK PENINGKATAN SEKRESI AIR SUSU DAN DIAMETER ALVEOLUS KELENJAR AMBING MENCIT

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
I.B. Rai Pidada ◽  
Listijani Suhargo
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Reproduction Biology ◽  
Percent Concentration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Random Method

This study was aimed to know the effects of oyster mushroom supplement to milk secretion and mammary alveolus diameter of mice. The research was carried out under laboratory condition at the laboratory of Reproduction Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Sciences, Airlangga University by using Complete Random Method. The study was designed by using totally 32 mice post partum (PP) and devided into four groups of treatment which consisted 8 female mice post partum of each group. The groups are: (a) the control groups, the groups that were given 0.2 ml aquadest, (b) the treatments of oyster mushroom solution with 3 variation of mushroom concentration, there are 2, 4 and 6 percent. The oyster mushroom solution was given by gavage. The treatments were started on 3th to 12th day of lactation period. The increasing of milk secretion were showed by the increasing of body weight of offsprings. The data were collected from the difference result of the balance of weight body of offspring and the data were observed on 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th of lactation periode and then on 13th day, the mice (five mice for each group) were killed to make histological preparat of mammary glands. The datas were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD test (a = 0.05). The results of this research showed that oyster mushroom supplement can increase milk secretion and mammary alveolus diameter of mice. Oyster mushroom with 6 percent concentration gave the best effects and there was a positive corelation between the weight of oyster mushroom that was used with the increasing of the oyster mushroom effects.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

scholarly journals Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3983
Author(s):  
Ozren Gamulin ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
Kristina Serec ◽  
Matej Par ◽  
Marija Baković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Tooth Apex ◽  
The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

Does body position, age, and heart rate induce IOP’s changes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110233
Author(s):  
Marcelina Sobczak ◽  
Magdalena Asejczyk ◽  
Malwina Geniusz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Effect Of Age

Objectives: The main goal of this research was to determine the differences between the values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the supine and sitting positions, and to assess the effect of age and cardiovascular parameters. Methods: Seventy-two healthy adults were enrolled and classified into age groups: 20–30 years (group A), 31–40 years (group B), and 41–71 years (group C). Corneal biometry and cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate (HR), were measured. IOP measurements were taken in the sitting position (IOPS) and in the supine position (IOPL) using the iCare® Pro tonometer. Results: A significant difference between the IOPS and IOPL in the entire cohort was found ( p < 0.001). Regarding the age subgroups, a significant difference ( p < 0.001) between the IOPS and IOPL was obtained in group A (2.6 ± 1.6 mmHg) and group C (1.5 ± 1.3 mmHg). There were no significant differences in the IOPS between groups. The highest IOP values were obtained for group A. The correlations between HR and IOPS are statistically significant for group A and group B, and for HR and IOPL-S for group B only. Multivariate analysis showed that HR has a significant influence on the difference in IOP in the two body positions. Conclusion: A statistically significant difference between the effect of age and the values of IOPS and IOPL was shown. Cardiovascular parameters showed some relevant statistical dependencies, but with a rather marginal significance in young people. The influence of body position for the measurement of IOP for healthy subjects does not seem to matter, despite the fact that there are some dependencies that are statistically significant.

A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil ◽  
B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annèr
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Depth Condition

AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

About acute non-suppurative thyroiditis  

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
M. M. Lyakhovitsky  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Suppurative Thyroiditis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acute Thyroiditis ◽  
Number Of Authors

Acute thyroiditis, especially non-purulent, are very rare diseases. The first works devoted to the description of acute inflammation of the thyroid gland date back to the beginning of the last century. In the works of a number of authors (Conradi, W eitenwebe.r'a, Bauchet'a, Pi II c hod), the essence of this disease has already been successfully clarified and the difference between thyroiditis inflammation of a healthy thyroid gland and strumite inflammation of the thymus gland is firmly established. In the process of further study of this issue, a number of works appeared (Lcbert'a, Kocher'a, Mygind'a, etc.), in which, along with elucidation of a number of etiological moments that cause this disease, and a description of the pathological anatomical picture, were questioned and even the existence of primary non-suppurative thyroiditis was denied.

FRI0279 USE OF TNF-INHIBITORS BEFORE, DURING AND THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WITH SPONDYLOARTHRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 727.1-727
Author(s):  
H. Bjørngaard ◽  
H. Koksvik ◽  
B. Jakobsen ◽  
M. Wallenius
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tnf Inhibitors ◽  
Treat To Target ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Tnf Inhibitor ◽  
Quality Register ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Asas Criteria ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Background:Treat to target is a goal in pregnant women with spondyloarthristis. There is increasing evidence on safe use with TNF inhibitors during pregnancy (1). Adjusted use of TNF inhibitors preconception and throughout pregnancy may stabilize disease activity and prevent flares (2). Low disease activity is also beneficial for the fetus.Objectives:To study the use of TNF-inhibitors among women with spondyloarthritis in Norway before, during and after pregnancy.Methods:RevNatus is a Norwegian, nationwide quality register that monitors treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases before, during and after pregnancy. Data from RevNatus in the period October 2017 to October 2019 were used to map the use of all types of TNF inhibitors among 208 women with spondyloarthitis, fulfilling the ASAS criteria.The use of medication was reported at the time of visit in outpatient clinic. The frequency of use of TNF inhibitors is registered at seven timepoints from pre-pregnancy to twelve months after delivery.Results:The use of TNF-inhibitors was reported at each visit for all the women with spondyloarthritis. Most women are not using TNF inhibitors before and beyond conception. Most of the women continuing TNF inhibitors beyond conception, used certolizumab, etanercept, or adalimumab. Infliximab or golimumab were not used in pregnancy (tabell 2).Table 2:SPACertoli-zumabEtaner-ceptAdali-mumabGolim-umabInflik-simabNo TNF -inhibitorBefore Pregnancyn=13910% (14)8% (11)6% (9)6% (9)69% (96)1.trimestern=1027% (7)7% (7)2 % (2)84% (86)2.trimestern=1047% (7)6% (6)1% (1)87% (90)3. trimestern=953% (3)2% (2)1% (1)94% (89)6 weeks post partumn=10015% (15)10% (10)8% (8)3% (3)64% (64)6 months post partumn=8219% (16)12% (10)7% (6)2% (2)2% (2)55% (46)12 months post partumn=7422% (16)15% (11)7% (5)4% (3)5% (4)47% (35)Conclusion:A majority of the women with spondyloarthritis were not treated with TNF inhibitors before or during pregnancy. Only a few of the women with spondylosthritis continued treatment with TNF inhibitors during pregnancy.References:[1]Gotestam Skorpen C, Hoeltzenbein M, Tincani A, Fischer-Betz R, Elefant E, Chambers C, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. 2016;75(5):795-810.[2]van den Brandt S, Zbinden A, Baeten D, Villiger PM, Ostensen M, Forger F. Risk factors for flare and treatment of disease flares during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):64.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals HIV and Hepatitis B seroprevalence among the nepalese blood donors

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Kandel ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
BR Tiwari ◽  
M Rajkarnikar
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Donor Recruitment

Background: HIV and Hepatitis B infections are public health problems in Nepal. This study was conducted based at NRCS/CBTS, with the objective of determining the HIV and HBsAg sero-prevalence in non-remunerated volunteer blood donors. Materials and Methods: A total of 66,904 units of blood collected, following donor recruitment criteriaduring March 2009-Sept. 2010 was included for analysis. All donated blood samples were subjected to screening for Transfusion transmitted infections including HIV and Hepatitis B surface antigen using standard ELISA test kits (Dade Behring, Germany). Initial reactive sera were re-tested for reconfi rmation with same test kits plus another test kit (Detect-HIV, Adaltis Inc, and Qualisa). Results: Out of 66,904 units of blood collected, 56,973 units were from male and 9,931 were from female donors. Among the total screened samples, 73 (0.10%) were found to be positive for HIV, {0.11% (64/56973) in male and 0.09% (9/9931) in female}; the difference between male and female donors (?2<3.841) was statistically signifi cant. The seroprevalence of HIV was highest in age group of 30- 39 both in male and female (p<0.001). Similarly, for HBsAg, overall seroprevalence was found to be 0.47% (316/66904 {0.42% (242/56973) in male and 0.74% (74/9931) in female}. The difference was statistically signifi cant (?2<3.841). The highest HBsAg sero-prevalence(0.65%) was also observed in same age group i.e. 30-39 (p<0.001) in male but highest seroprevalence (2.63%) was observed inage group of ?50 in female. Conclusion: Both HIV and HBV sero-prevalence is high in adult voluntary blood donors. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 390-393 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7864

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