CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF THE LOBES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND AND IN THE WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF ORGANS OF RATS GIVEN HYPERTONIC SALINE

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. DUCHEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Posterior Lobe

SUMMARY The volume of the various lobes of the pituitary gland were measured in rats which were given 2% sodium chloride to drink instead of water. The volume of the posterior lobe was increased by 60% after 11 days on saline. The volume of the anterior lobe was slightly decreased but the volume of the pars intermedia was not changed. There was a marked loss of body weight in animals which were given saline and a marked reduction in the weight of the whole pituitary, liver and thyroid.

THE EFFECTS OF INGESTION OF HYPERTONIC SALINE ON THE PITUITARY GLAND IN THE RAT: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA AND POSTERIOR LOBE

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. DUCHEN
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Neurosecretory Material ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Neurohypophysial Hormones

SUMMARY The microscopic changes occurring in the pars intermedia and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland were studied in rats given 2% sodium chloride in place of tap water for periods ranging from 1 to 21 days. In the pars intermedia small, strongly PAS-positive cells which are normally few in number became very numerous during the first few days of treatment with saline. After longer periods on saline these changes appeared to regress. Mitotic activity in the pars intermedia and posterior lobe was studied using colchicine. Mitoses were present in the pars intermedia of control rats but not in that of salt-loaded rats. In the posterior lobe mitoses were not present in control rats but were numerous in rats drinking saline, and the greatest numbers were seen after 4 days. The neurosecretory material (NSM) was lost from the posterior lobe within the first 8 days, and it is suggested that there is a relationship between the loss of NSM and mitotic activity in the posterior lobe. The significance of the changes in the pars intermedia is not apparent at present but may be related to the removal of neurohypophysial hormones.

On the content of prolan in the pituitary gland

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-634
Author(s):  
P. Badul
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a bull is free of prolan, while in a human it contains prolan. Only here it can be found in that part of the posterior pituitary lobe adjacent to the anterior lobe. In the bull, too, this part of the pituitary gland is completely free of prolan content. Histological examination shows that in humans, this part of the posterior lobe is crossed by bands of cells from the anterior lobe, which consist exclusively of basophilic cells.

scholarly journals Expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in the female rat pituitary

2000 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Vidal ◽  
A Roman ◽  
L Moya ◽  
K Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Almost All

3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD) catalyses an essential step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and is widely distributed in peripheral steroid target organs. The present report describes for first time the expression of this enzyme in the pituitary of female rats. Immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level was performed on pro-oestrous and ovariectomized rat pituitaries. Immunoreactive cells were scattered and randomly distributed throughout the anterior lobe, whereas cells located in the posterior lobe and pars intermedia were immunonegative. Differences were observed in cell morphology and in the number of 3 beta-HSD-immunopositive cells between ovariectomized and pro-oestrous female rat pituitaries, suggesting that steroidogenic activity is affected by ovarian endocrine function. Apart from adenohypophyseal immunoreactive cells, 3 beta-HSD immunopositivity was also noted in endothelial cells of almost all pituitary capillaries located in the anterior and posterior lobes.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical demonstration of tissue-type plasminogen activator in endocrine cells of the rat pituitary gland.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kristensen ◽  
L S Nielsen ◽  
J Grøndahl-Hansen ◽  
P B Andresen ◽  
L I Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Rat Pituitary

We immunocytochemically stained rat pituitary glands using antibodies against plasminogen activators of the tissue type (t-PA) and the urokinase type (u-PA). A large population of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the gland displayed intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity with anti-t-PA. In some areas of the intermediate lobe we found a weak staining, and we observed weakly staining granular structures in the posterior lobe. Controls included absorption of the antibodies with highly purified t-PA. In addition, SDS PAGE followed by immunoblotting of pituitary gland extracts revealed only one band with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of t-PA when stained with anti-t-PA IgG. No u-PA immunoreactivity was detected in the rat pituitary gland. Sequential staining experiments using antibodies against growth hormone and t-PA demonstrated that the t-PA-immunoreactive cells constitute a large subpopulation of the growth hormone-containing cells. These findings represent the first direct evidence for the presence of t-PA in cell types other than endothelial cells in the intact normal organism. In this article we discuss the implications of the results for a possible role of t-PA in the posttranslational processing of prohormones.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF THE PITUITARY BODY TO RENAL FUNCTION

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketil Motzfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Small Doses

1. The inconstant results of past observations on the relation of pituitary extracts to renal activity have been due chiefly to unsuitable methods. 2. A standard curve of artificially induced polyuria may be plotted for rabbits, giving 200 cc. of water by mouth. 3. Extracts of the pars intermedia and posterior lobe of the hypophysis, given by mouth, subcutaneously, or intravenously, are able definitely to check polyuria thus induced. Extracts of the anterior lobe show a similar effect, but only to a slight degree. 4. This antidiuretic effect is constant, and is independent of (a) changes in blood pressure, (b) intestinal absorption, and (c) the vagi. The effect is apparently prevented or delayed by division of the splanchnics, and is diminished by division of the renal nerves near the hilus. 5. A similar antidiuretic property is possessed: (a) by ß-imidazolylethylamine, (b) by p-oxyphenylethylamine, (c) by a preparation from Secale cornutum, (d) by small doses of nicotine, (e) by large doses of caffeine, and (f) by extracts of the adrenal cortex. 6. No effect on the polyuria is produced: (a) by strychnine (b) by morphine, (c) by adrenalin, or by extracts of (d) thyroid, (e) thymus, (f) pineal, (g) pancreas, or (h) corpora lutea. 7. In animals under chloral or paraldehyde anesthesia a short and inconstant initial increase in flow of urine is seen. 8. The antidiuretic effect is absent or only slightly marked in checking the so called salt diuresis.

AUFTRETEN VON KASTRATIONSZELLEN IM HYPOPHYSENVORDERLAPPEN MÄNNLICHER RATTEN NACH BEHANDLUNG MIT EINEM ANTIANDROGEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Sexual Hormone ◽  
Releasing Factors

ABSTRACT Following the administration of an androgen-antagonist (1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-diene-17α-ol-3,20-dione = cyproterone) to male rats, changes are observed in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland comparable to those which develop following removal of the gonads. The appearance of so called castration cells is very striking, particularly in the periphery, and in the area adjacent to the pars intermedia. The findings suggest that the androgen-antagonism of cyproterone also manifests itself in those receptors of the sex centre, which regulate the amount of gonadotrophin production and secretion in relation to the production of testosterone. Since endogenous testosterone can no longer exert its inhibitory effect on the sex centre, the sex centre, as in a state of sexual hormone deficiency, reacts by secreting releasing factors for gonadotrophins. Thus those cell elements in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are stimulated and this leads to the production of gonadotrophin.

scholarly journals Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia Impair the Cytological Structure of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-658
Author(s):  
Ahmed MR Abdo ◽  
Mohamed E El-Beeh ◽  
Sameer H. Qari ◽  
Dina A El-badry ◽  
Hassan IH El-Sayyad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Cytological Picture

Increase consumption of high fat diet was found to alter blood sugar level similar to diabetes and contributed to the development of obesity and affected the reproductive function of both sexes. The study aimed to clarify the influence of diabetes and or hypercholesterolemia on the cytological picture of cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland of male albino rats. Eighteen male albino rats weighing approximately 120 gram body weight were divided into three main groups; control, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes (single i.p. 40 mg streptozotocin/kg B.wt plus 100mg. nicotinamide /kg body weight) and hypercholesterolemia (diet containing 3% cholesterol). Dietary feeding on cholesterol and diabetes were carried out for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and pituitary glands were separated and their anterior lobe was processed for cytological investigations by transmission electron microscopy. The present study revealed that the rats subjected to experimental diabetes and/ or hypercholesterolemia exhibited a decrease of the secretory granules within the gonadotroph cells somatotroph and corticotrophin cells. There was a detected intracellular accumulation of fat globules in both the gonado- and sommatotroph cells. The authors reported that the altered cytological structures of the secretory function of the anterior pituitary gland led to marked impairment of the male hormonal level and causing infertility.

VASOPRESSOR AND OXYTOCIC ACTIVITIES IN HUMAN HYPOTHALAMUS, POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR LOBES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Barnafi ◽  
H. Croxatto
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Hormonal Activity ◽  
Human Hypothalamus ◽  
Vasopressor Activity

ABSTRACT The distribution and individual variation of vasopressor and oxytocic activities in the hypothalamus, posterior and anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of 13 women and 15 men were studied. The results showed great individual variation of vasopressor and oxytocic activities in the posterior and anterior lobes, whereas in the hypothalamus a relatively constant hormonal activity was found. No significant sex differences were noted with respect to the content of the vasopressor and oxytocic activities in the hypothalamus and posterior lobe. In the anterior lobe of the female, a higher vasopressor activity was found than in males. No relationship could be established between the distribution of these activities and the pathological condition preceding death.

Neurointermediate lobe transplanted under the kidney capsule modifies the activity of the neurointermediate lobe in situ, but does not respond to opiate treatment

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Gianoulakis ◽  
Alka Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Morphine Treatment ◽  
Kidney Capsule ◽  
Neurointermediate Lobe ◽  
Elevated Content ◽  
Naloxone Treatment

To investigate the possibility of a direct effect of morphine on the pars intermedia cells of the pituitary gland, rat neurointermediate lobes (NIL) were transplanted under the kidney capsule. At 2 and 8 days posttransplantation the NIL transplant had maintained its morphological integrity. However, at 15 days posttransplantation the morphological integrity of the NIL transplant had started to deteriorate. The NIL transplant contained, synthesized, and released β-endorphin-like peptides. It was noticed that there was very little β-endorphin in the radiolabelled biosynthesized products, suggesting that either the maturation processing of proopiomelanocortin was modified, or that β-endorphin was released immediately as soon as it was formed and did not accumulate in the tissue. In support of the latter possibility was the elevated content of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the sera of rats with a NIL under the kidney capsule. Furthermore, the NIL transplant seemed to produce a substance or substances which could decrease the content, the biosynthesis and the release of β-endorphin-like peptides by the NIL in situ. Treatment with either morphine or naloxone for 5 days did not change the β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity content in the NIL transplanted under the kidney capsule. However, a distinct decrease in the β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the NIL in situ of animals with or without a NIL transplant was observed following the morphine treatment. Naloxone treatment induced a decrease in the β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity content in the hypothalamus, but had no effect on the β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity content in the anterior lobe and NIL of the pituitary gland in situ or in the NIL transplant.

Effects of TRH, prolactin and TSH on cell proliferation in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland

1996 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Pawełczyk ◽  
M Pawlikowski ◽  
J Kunert-Radek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Trh Analogues ◽  
Intermediate Pituitary Lobe ◽  
Significant Stimulatory Effect

Abstract The effect of TRH on cell proliferation in the anterior lobe of the pituitary is well known and documented. On the other hand, there are no data on the effects of TRH on the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TRH and its analogues (pGlu-His-Gly, pGlu-His-Gly-NH2) on cell proliferation in the intermediate pituitary lobe. The bromodeoxyuridine technique was used to detect the proliferating cells. It was found that TRH stimulated cell proliferation 24 h after a single injection at a dose of 100 μg/kg body weight. The TRH analogues did not exert any significant stimulatory effect either 12 h or 24 h after the injection. The second experiment was carried out to distinguish the probable mechanism of the action of TRH. The effects of TSH and prolactin (PRL) on intermediate lobe cell proliferation were examined. It was found that both PRL and TSH exerted a significant stimulatory effect 24 h after a single s.c. injection of PRL at a dose of 150 IU/kg body weight or TSH at a dose 20 IU/kg body weight. It therefore appears that the stimulatory effect of TRH on intermediate pituitary lobe cell proliferation is mediated by PRL and TSH. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 193–196

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