Pupillary dilation response reflects surprising moments in music

There are indications that the pupillary dilation response (PDR) reflects surprising moments in an auditory sequence such as the appearance of a deviant noise against repetitively presented pure tones (Liao, Yoneya, Kidani, Kashino, & Furukawa, 2016), and salient and loud sounds that are evaluated by human participants subjectively (Liao, Kidani, Yoneya, Kashino, & Furukawa, 2016). In the current study, we further examined whether the reflection of PDR in auditory surprise can be accumulated and revealed in complex and yet structured auditory stimuli, i.e., music, and when the surprise is defined subjectively. Participants listened to 15 excerpts of music while their pupillary responses were recorded. In the surprise-rating session, participants rated how surprising an instance in the excerpt was, i.e., rich in variation versus monotonous, while they listened to it. In the passive-listening session, they listened to the same 15 excerpts again but were not involved in any task. The pupil diameter data obtained from both sessions were time-aligned to the rating data obtained from the surprise-rating session. Results showed that in both sessions, mean pupil diameter was larger at moments rated more surprising than unsurprising. The result suggests that the PDR reflects surprise in music automatically.

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Pupillary Response to Auditory versus Visual Mental Loading: A Pilot Study Using Super 8-Mm Photography

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1981.52.2.425 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 425-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James S. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Pupillary Response ◽

Pupillary Dilation ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Number Series ◽

Digit Number ◽

Projected Image ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Movie Camera

The present investigation was two-fold in purpose: to test the hypothesis that auditory mental loading would require greater mental effort and larger resultant pupillary dilation than visual mental loading, and to provide evidence for the feasibility of super 8-mm photography for pupillometric research. Subjects were 30 college students. Stimuli to be stored in memory and repeated aloud in reverse order were seven-digit number series. Series were either presented visually from 35-mm slides or auditorily from a taped recording. Pupillary responses were recorded with a super 8-mm movie camera. Pupil diameter was measured to the neatest centimeter on a projected image. Results did not support the hypothesis, but methodologically strong evidence supported 8-mm photography for pupillometry research.

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Asymmetrical Attention to Gambling-related Stimuli and Pupillary Dilation in Response to Wins and Losses in Problem Gamblers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1080574/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yayoi Shigemune ◽

Akira Midorikawa

Keyword(s):

Gambling Behavior ◽

Spatial Neglect ◽

Pupillary Dilation ◽

Left Hand ◽

Problem Gamblers ◽

Monetary Rewards ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Problematic Gambling ◽

The Right ◽

To Receive

Abstract Gambling disorder and problem gambling are characterized by persistent and repetitive problematic gambling behavior. Attentional bias toward gambling-related stimuli such as casino chips, dice, roulette, etc. have been observed in problem gamblers (PGs), but it remains unclear whether stimuli in gambling tasks elicit greater attention and pupillary responses in PGs. To address this issue, we administrated PGs and non-problem gamblers (NPGs) a gambling task accompanied by eye-tracking measurements, in which the participants were required to choose one of the paired pictures to receive monetary rewards and avoid punishments. Concerning attentional allocation, PG showed a greater attentional preference for the right-hand pictures in the decision and feedback phases, and compared to NPGs, PGs’ attention was narrower and more focused on the left-hand pictures in the decision phase. Concerning pupillary dynamics indicative of noradrenergic locus coeruleus activity, pupillary dilation in response to rewards and punishments was observed only in PGs. Studies of unilateral spatial neglect have proposed that asymmetric attention is induced by hemispheric imbalance. Accordingly, asymmetrical allocation of attention by PGs may reflect hemispheric imbalance, and pupillary dynamics may reflect sensitivity to wins and losses.

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Disentangling listening effort and memory load beyond behavioural evidence: Pupillary response to listening effort during a concurrent memory task

10.1101/2020.05.04.076588 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yue Zhang ◽

Alexandre Lehmann ◽

Mickael Deroche

Keyword(s):

Speech Intelligibility ◽

Memory Load ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Memory Task ◽

Pupillary Response ◽

Pupil Dilation ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Listening Effort ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Behavioural Evidence

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated that pupillometry is a robust measure for quantifying listening effort. However, pupillary responses in listening situations where multiple cognitive functions are engaged and sustained over a period of time remain hard to interpret. This limits our conceptualisation and understanding of listening effort in realistic situations, because rarely in everyday life are people challenged by one task at a time. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to reveal the dynamics of listening effort in a sustained listening condition using a word repeat and recall task.Words were presented in quiet and speech-shaped noise at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Participants were presented with lists of 10 words, and required to repeat each word after its presentation. At the end of the list, participants either recalled as many words as possible or moved on to the next list. Simultaneously, their pupil dilation was recorded throughout the whole experiment.When only word repeating was required, peak pupil dilation (PPD) was bigger in 0dB versus other conditions; whereas when recall was required, PPD showed no difference among SNR levels and PPD in 0dB was smaller than repeat-only condition. Baseline pupil diameter and PPD followed different growth patterns across the 10 serial positions in conditions requiring recall: baseline pupil diameter built up progressively and plateaued in the later positions (but shot up at the onset of recall, i.e. the end of the list); PPD decreased at a pace quicker than in repeat-only condition.The current findings concur with the recent literature in showing that additional cognitive load during a speech intelligibility task could disturb the well-established relation between pupillary response and listening effort. Both the magnitude and temporal pattern of task-evoked pupillary response differ greatly in complex listening conditions, urging for more listening effort studies in complex and realistic listening situations.

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Characteristics of the Pupillary Light Reflex in the Alert Rhesus Monkey

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.01131.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (6) ◽

pp. 3179-3189 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Robert J. Clarke ◽

Hongyu Zhang ◽

Paul D. R. Gamlin

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Neural Control ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Sympathetic Innervation ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Pupillary Light Reflex ◽

Light Reflex ◽

Pupillary Light ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Dilator Muscle

This study investigated the static and dynamic characteristics of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in the alert rhesus monkey. Temporal characteristics of the PLR were investigated with Maxwellian viewing during sinusoidal changes in illumination of a 36° stimulus in both monkeys and humans. Bode plots of the PLR response were fitted by a linear model composed of a delay combined with a cascaded first- and second-order filter. The Bode magnitude plots conformed to this model with a sharp roll-off above 1.3 Hz for the human PLR and 1.9 Hz for the monkey PLR. Bode phase angle plots were fitted by this model with a delay of 280 ms for humans and 160 ms for monkeys. To investigate the influence of the sympathetic innervation of the iris on steady-state pupil diameter, dynamics of pupillary responses, and the latency of the PLR, we blocked this innervation pharmacologically with a selective alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist. Although there was a resultant miosis (decrease in pupil diameter) from the relaxation of the pupil dilator muscle, no other measures of the PLR, including the dynamics and latency, were significantly affected by this treatment. We examined the pupillary responses evoked by visual stimuli presented either binocularly or monocularly at various locations on a 80 × 60° tangent screen. These pupillomotor fields revealed that, as has been reported for humans, stimuli at the fovea and surrounding macular region of monkeys produce substantially larger pupillary responses than more peripheral stimuli and that binocular responses are substantially greater than can be accounted for by the linear summation of binocular retinal illuminance. In conclusion, we found that the spatial characteristics of the PLR of the rhesus monkey are very similar, in all important aspects, to those reported for humans and that the temporal responses of the PLR are comparable between the two species. The rhesus monkey thus provides an excellent model for experimental studies of the neural control of the pupil.

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An Evaluation Method of Combined Effects of Infrasound and Audible Noise

Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control ◽

10.1177/026309238700600304 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 119-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yukio Inukai ◽

Hideto Taya ◽

Neiichi Nagamura ◽

Hiroshi Kuriyama

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Method ◽

Principal Component ◽

Subjective Rating ◽

Psychophysical Experiment ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Rating Data ◽

Psychological Model ◽

Differential Type ◽

Mixed Noise ◽

Pure Tones

A psychophysical experiment was conducted to investigate an evaluation method for the combined effects of infrasound and audible noise. In the experiment, subjective rating of 80 mixed noise stimuli were obtained from 15 subjects on 22 semantic-differential-type scales. The stimulus noise conditions were mixtures of one of eight pure tones at 5, 10, 20, and 40 Hz and one of eight 1/3 octave band noises with centre frequencies 63, 125, 250, and 500 Hz. The rating data were subjected to a principal component analysis and yielded two principal components, these were interpreted as the perceptual components of infrasound and audible noise respectively. On the basis of this result, a psychophysical model was proposed to make two-dimensional predictions of subjective ratings from the physical variables of the noise stimuli. Following this model, a best weighting curve, in combination with the A-weighting curve and their regression weights, were estimated. The results showed that the psychological model successfully described the rating data.

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Effects of Visual Imagery on Visual Sensitivity and Pupil Diameter

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1973.36.3c.1091 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1091-1098 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Adam Reeves ◽

Sydney Joelson Segal

Keyword(s):

Visual Stimulus ◽

Visual Imagery ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Visual Image ◽

Visual Sensitivity ◽

Pupillary Dilation ◽

Experimental Conditions

Sensitivity to a visual stimulus can be reduced by instructions to S to maintain a visual image (Segal, 1971). Imagery in turn may produce an increase in pupil diameter (Simpson & Paivio, 1966). It is possible that changes in pupil diameter might change sensitivity in the experimental conditions used by Segal, so that the decline in sensitivity produced by imagery might be a result of pupillary dilation in response to imagery. This possible explanation of the decline in sensitivity was tested in this experiment and rejected. Other possible peripheral explanations of the effect require further research, including possible changes in accommodation that might be induced by visual imagery.

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Pupillary response reflects attentional modulation to sound after emotional arousal

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96643-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Satoshi Nakakoga ◽

Kengo Shimizu ◽

Junya Muramatsu ◽

Takashi Kitagawa ◽

Shigeki Nakauchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processing ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Emotional State ◽

Pupillary Response ◽

Emotional States ◽

Pupillary Dilation ◽

Deconvolution Analysis ◽

Attentional Resources ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Size Index

AbstractThere have been various studies on the effects of emotional visual processing on subsequent non-emotional auditory stimuli. A previous study with EEG has shown that responses to deviant sounds presented after presenting negative pictures collected more attentional resources than those for neutral pictures. To investigate such a compelling between emotional and cognitive processing, this study aimed to examined pupillary responses to an auditory stimulus after a positive, negative, or neutral emotional state was elicited by an emotional image. An emotional image was followed by a beep sound that was either repetitive or unexpected, and the pupillary dilation was measured. As a result, we found that the early component of the pupillary response to the beep sound was larger for negative and positive emotional states than the neutral emotional state, whereas the late component was larger for the positive emotional state than the negative and neutral emotional states. In addition, the peak latency of the pupillary response was earlier for negative than neutral or positive images. Further, to compensate for the disadvantage of low-temporal resolution of the pupillary data, the pupillary responses were deconvoluted and used in the analysis. The deconvolution analysis of pupillary responses confirmed that the responses to beep sound were more likely to be modulated by the emotional state rather than being influenced by the short presentation interval between the images and sounds. These findings suggested that pupil size index modulations in the compelling situation between emotional and cognitive processing.

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Disentangling listening effort and memory load beyond behavioural evidence: Pupillary response to listening effort during a concurrent memory task

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0233251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0233251

Author(s):

Yue Zhang ◽

Alexandre Lehmann ◽

Mickael Deroche

Keyword(s):

Speech Intelligibility ◽

Memory Load ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Memory Task ◽

Pupillary Response ◽

Pupil Dilation ◽

Listening Effort ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Variation Patterns ◽

Behavioural Evidence

Recent research has demonstrated that pupillometry is a robust measure for quantifying listening effort. However, pupillary responses in listening situations where multiple cognitive functions are engaged and sustained over a period of time remain hard to interpret. This limits our conceptualisation and understanding of listening effort in realistic situations, because rarely in everyday life are people challenged by one task at a time. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to reveal the dynamics of listening effort in a sustained listening condition using a word repeat and recall task. Words were presented in quiet and speech-shaped noise at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR): 0dB, 7dB, 14dB and quiet. Participants were presented with lists of 10 words, and required to repeat each word after its presentation. At the end of the list, participants either recalled as many words as possible or moved on to the next list. Simultaneously, their pupil dilation was recorded throughout the whole experiment. When only word repeating was required, peak pupil dilation (PPD) was bigger in 0dB versus other conditions; whereas when recall was required, PPD showed no difference among SNR levels and PPD in 0dB was smaller than repeat-only condition. Baseline pupil diameter and PPD followed different variation patterns across the 10 serial positions within a block for conditions requiring recall: baseline pupil diameter built up progressively and plateaued in the later positions (but shot up when listeners were recalling the previously heard words from memory); PPD decreased at a pace quicker than in repeat-only condition. The current findings demonstrate that additional cognitive load during a speech intelligibility task could disturb the well-established relation between pupillary response and listening effort. Both the magnitude and temporal pattern of task-evoked pupillary response differ greatly in complex listening conditions, urging for more listening effort studies in complex and realistic listening situations.

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Inter-and intra-individual coupling between pupillary, electrophysiological, and behavioral responses in a visual oddball task

10.31234/osf.io/nu6fe ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sara LoTemplio ◽

Jack Silcox ◽

Brennan Payne ◽

Kara D. Federmeier

Keyword(s):

Pupil Diameter ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Pupil Dilation ◽

Pupillary Dilation ◽

Strong Correlations ◽

Control Center ◽

The Relationship ◽

Visual Oddball ◽

Phasic Activation

Although the P3b component of the event-related brain potential is one of the most widely-studied components, its underlying generators are not currently well understood. Recent theories have suggested that the P3b is triggered by phasic activation of the locus-coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, an important control center implicated in facilitating optimal task-relevant behavior. Previous research has reported strong correlations between pupil dilation and LC activity, suggesting that pupil diameter is a useful indicator for ongoing LC-NE activity. Given the strong relationship between LC activity and pupil dilation, if the P3b is driven by phasic LC activity, there should be a robust trial-to-trial relationship with the phasic pupillary dilation response (PDR). However, previous work examining relationships between concurrently recorded pupillary and P3b responses has not supported this. One possibility is that the relationship between the measures might be carried primarily by either inter-individual (i.e., between-participant) or intra-individual (i.e., within-participant) contributions to coupling, and prior work has not systematically delineated these relationships. Doing so in the current study, we do not find evidence for either inter-individual or intra-individual relationships between the PDR and P3b responses. However, baseline pupil dilation did predict the P3b. Interestingly, both the PDR and P3b independently predicted inter-individual and intra-individual variability in decision response time. Implications for the LC-P3b hypothesis are discussed.

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Pupillary Correlates of Fluctuations in Sustained Attention

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01251 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (9) ◽

pp. 1241-1253 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Nash Unsworth ◽

Matthew K. Robison ◽

Ashley L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Sustained Attention ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Stimulus Onset ◽

Short Isis ◽

Attention Task ◽

Tonic Pupil ◽

Pupillary Responses ◽

Attention Performance ◽

Attention To Task

The current study examined pupillary correlates of fluctuations and lapses of sustained attention. Participants performed a sustained attention task with either a varied ISI or a fixed ISI (fixed at 2 or 8 sec) while pupil responses were continuously recorded. The results indicated that performance was worse when the ISI was varied or fixed at 8 sec compared with when the ISI was fixed at 2 sec, suggesting that varied or long ISI conditions require greater intrinsic alertness compared with constant short ISIs. In terms of pupillary responses, the results demonstrated that slow responses (indicative of lapses) were associated with greater variability in tonic pupil diameter, smaller dilation responses during the ISI, and subsequently smaller dilation responses to stimulus onset. These results suggest that lapses of attention are associated with lower intrinsic alertness, resulting in a lowered intensity of attention to task-relevant stimuli. Following a lapse of attention, performance, tonic pupil diameter, and phasic pupillary responses, all increased, suggesting that attention was reoriented to the task. These results are consistent with the notion that pupillary responses track fluctuations in sustained attention.

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