scholarly journals Eye-tracking multi-word units: some methodological questions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Carrol ◽  
Kathy Conklin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Unit Of Analysis

Eye-tracking in linguistics has focused mainly on reading at the level of the word or sentence. In this paper we discuss how the phenomenon of formulaic language might best be examined using this methodology. Formulaic language is fundamentally multi-word in nature, therefore an approach to eye-tracking that considers the “word” as the basic unit of analysis may require re-evaluation. We review the existing literature on single word and sentence processing, and also those studies that have used eye-tracking as a way of investigating formulaic language to date. We discuss how eye-tracking might elucidate the “added extra” processing advantage for formulaic language. We conclude with some suggestions about the best way to utilise eye-tracking within this sub-field of linguistic investigation.

scholarly journals Children do not overcome lexical biases where adults do: the role of the referential scene in garden-path recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVAN KIDD ◽  
ANDREW J. STEWART ◽  
LUDOVICA SERRATRICE
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Test Sentence ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Scene Information ◽  
Lexical Cues

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report on a visual world eye-tracking experiment that investigated the differing abilities of adults and children to use referential scene information during reanalysis to overcome lexical biases during sentence processing. The results showed that adults incorporated aspects of the referential scene into their parse as soon as it became apparent that a test sentence was syntactically ambiguous, suggesting they considered the two alternative analyses in parallel. In contrast, the children appeared not to reanalyze their initial analysis, even over shorter distances than have been investigated in prior research. We argue that this reflects the children's over-reliance on bottom-up, lexical cues to interpretation. The implications for the development of parsing routines are discussed.

scholarly journals Subject encodings and retrieval interference

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Arnett ◽  
Matthew Wagers
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Retrieval Interference ◽  
Processing Difficulty

Interference has been identified as a cause of processing difficulty in linguistic dependencies, such as the subject-verb relation (Van Dyke and Lewis, 2003). However, while mounting evidence implicates retrieval interference in sentence processing, the nature of the retrieval cues involved - and thus the source of difficulty - remains largely unexplored. Three experiments used self-paced reading and eye-tracking to examine the ways in which the retrieval cues provided at a verb characterize subjects. Syntactic theory has identified a number of properties correlated with subjecthood, both phrase-structural and thematic. Findings replicate and extend previous findings of interference at a verb from additional subjects, but indicate that retrieval outcomes are relativized to the syntactic domain in which the retrieval occurs. One, the cues distinguish between thematic subjects in verbal and nominal domains. Two, within the verbal domain, retrieval is sensitive to abstract syntactic properties associated with subjects and their clauses. We argue that the processing at a verb requires cue-driven retrieval, and that the retrieval cues utilize abstract grammatical properties which may reflect parser expectations.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY RANKINGS AS A SОCIOECONOMIC PHENOMENON AND A NEW INSTRUMENT OF GLOBAL GOVERNMENT SOFT POWER

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijana Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Global Government

One of the fundamental determinants of the last waveof the globalization process is the emergence and expansionof international country (economy) rankings.The popularity of these lists is increasing day by day.However, despite their widespread use, the existingbody of scientific knowledge about this complex socioeconomicphenomenon is modest, at best. Since internationalcountry rankings represent a relatively newphenomenon and an “industry” characterized by explosivegrowth, the paper will present the basic theoreticalfoundations of the phenomenon, with particular emphasison the economic dimension. The concept will beanalyzed through the context of mechanisms that determinethe appearance and functioning of global societytoday. It will also be noted that the international rankinglists which use the economic systems of countriesas the basic unit of analysis, i.e. certain elements of thegiven system, are a suitable instrument for shaping aneconomic reality and development flows of a modernsociety in accordance with the goals of certain interestgroups and centers of power. The findings that will bepresented in this paper constitute a prerequisite and astarting point for extensive research on the issues of internationalcountry rankings, especially regarding theimpact of this phenomenon on the economic sphere ofsociety.

EFL Learners’ Knowledge of High-frequency Words in the Comprehension of Idioms: A Boost or a Burden?

RELC Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkyoung Park ◽  
Yuah V. Chon
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comprehension Strategies ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Multiword Expressions

Single word items have usually been the unit of analysis for measuring L2 learners’ vocabulary size, for designing word lists and for estimating word coverage of reading texts. However, what is lost in these estimates is the consideration of multiword expressions, such as idioms. To empirically test the assertion that the knowledge of single word items will not lead to automatic comprehension of multiword items, a two-part test was conducted on 124 Korean middle school learners of English: One was a test on idioms composed of the top 1,000 words in English; the second tested single word items of the exact same words in the idiom test. Results indicated that the learners’ knowledge of idioms was lagging behind that of single word items even when the learners knew most of the words that constituted the idioms. Differences between the learners’ actual comprehension and reported comprehension level also indicated that the learners were overestimating their comprehension of the items. The comprehension strategies used to decode the meaning of idioms also indicated that guessing from context was the most effective strategy. Implications are discussed in the light of learning the idioms.

scholarly journals The use of collocations across proficiency levels: a literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34129
Author(s):  
Larissa Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Correct Word ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
L2 Learners

This literature review focuses on the use of formulaic language by English as a second language students (L2). Research on the field of phraseology has shown that mastery of formulas is central for fluency and linguistic competence (Ellis, 1996). Studies on the use of formulaic language by native speakers (Ellis et al., 2008) have shown that native speakers process these structures as a single word. Considering the use of formulaic language by L2 students, research has shown that this can be problematic to learners as they do not know the correct word association (Men, 2018). This paper presents a literature review on the studies of formulaic language, more specifically of collocations, used by L2 learners. The first part of this paper deals with the different definitions of collocations, while the second part focuses on studies on collocation use by L2 learners.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking evidence for active gap-filling regardless of dependency length

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing Yee Chow ◽  
Yangzi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Critical Region ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
Actual Location

Previous work on real-time sentence processing has established that comprehenders build and interpret filler-gap dependencies without waiting for unambiguous evidence about the actual location of the gap (“active gap-filling”) as long as such dependencies are grammatically licensed. However, this generalisation was called into question by recent findings in a self-paced reading experiment by Wagers and Phillips (2014; W&P14) which may be taken to show that comprehenders do not interpret the filler at the posited gap when the dependency spans a longer distance. In the present study we aimed to replicate these findings in an eye-tracking experiment with better controlled materials and increased statistical power. Crucially, we found clear evidence for active gap-filling across all levels of dependency length. This diverges from W&P14’s findings but is in line with the long-standing generalisation that comprehenders build and interpret filler-gap dependencies predictively as long as they are grammatically licensed. We found that the effect became smaller in the long dependency conditions in the post-critical region, which suggests the weaker effect in the long dependency conditions may have been undetected in W&P’s study due to insufficient statistical power and/or the use of a self-paced reading paradigm.

scholarly journals Multimodality and dubbing in video games: A research approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mejías-Climent
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Do So

This article discusses a new taxonomy of dubbing synchronies in the Spanish localized version of the video game Batman: Arkham Knight. To do so, the concept of the video game is first reviewed as the most sophisticated example of audiovisual text in terms of its multimodal nature. The article also describes how the message is conveyed through the different communication channels that form a part of its semiotic structure. Next, the research approach proposal is presented, based on the multimodal configuration of video games: game situations will be the unit of analysis used in this approach, since they are a basic unit with which to organize the content of a game and they distinguish video games as a unique type of audiovisual text. These game situations are used to analyse the specific features of dubbing and types of synchrony. Finally, some results are offered to confirm that the taxonomy of dubbing in video games discussed here applies to this particular case.

scholarly journals Holarchic HCI and Augmented Psychology ("AugPsy")

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj Sood
Keyword(s):  
Learning Experience ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
The Self ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Flow Experience ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Optimal Flow ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Significant Events

Consciousness enables experience, and each can be placed on a spectrum [1, 14]. Experience is more robust andmultidirectional, though the possibility exists for it to be bidirectional (particularly for the geometrician working along a line, but also generally when considering between two given options). Consciousness is synonymous informally with awareness. When one is conscious, they are aware, and vice versa. Awareness can be quantified in terms of being “greater” or “lesser”. For example, one may be more aware of certain aspects of experience than others given selective attention.Experience is the basic unit of analysis for phenomenology. While experience may be operationalized as qualia to address“what things are like” [20], the former may also be treated as a formal primitive. Phenomena are events as they appear to orpresent themselves for conscious perceivers. In ordinary use, experiences are assumed to be significant events or happenings.Phenomenal experience is qualitative. It is characterized as such by description through adjectives (e.g., “good” or “bad”).Experiences can be categorized into types, e.g. into the learning kind (as in the “learning experience”). If an experience is rich,then it has richness that may be qualified—described further in terms of what makes it so—or quantified. Growth may result from the victorious experience. This is so in battle-based role playing games (RPGs), where successfully defeating one’s opponent earns experience points that contribute to the possible level-up of one or more of the player’s team members (as in Pokémon and Fire Emblem, two of the most popular Japanese action-adventure RPG series).It is posited that the self, after being immersed in something greater than it, has potential to emerge greater than it was prior [2, 3]. Positive psychology recognizes such an immersed state as being one of flow or engagement. Subjective immersion [6] can be reported on to certain extents of meaningfulness and accuracy. Immersion can be qualified, e.g. via description of an activity’s meaning to the human actor, or perhaps quantified. Perhaps the optimal flow experience is only quantifiable as being infinitelyenjoyable, enriching, engaging, and/or meaningful, among other possible measures.

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