scholarly journals Comparing the Difficulty of Tasks Using Eye Tracking Combined with Subjective and Behavioural Criteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Andrzejewska ◽  
Anna Stolińska
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
School Age ◽  
Movement Parameters

In this article, we attempted to examine the issue of the existence of differences in eye move-ment of school-age students as they solve tasks of different difficulty levels in the sciences and natural sciences (computer science, mathematics, physics, biology). Categories of the task’s difficulty level were established on the basis of two types of criteria: subjective (an evaluation made by the subjects) and behavioural (connected to the correctness of their solution). The relationships of these criteria with the visual activity parameters, which were considered to be indicators of mental effort, were identified. An analysis of the data obtained enabled the observation of discrepancies in categorizing difficulties of the tasks on the basis of subjective and behavioural criteria. A significant and strong correlation was noticed between task difficulty level, determined by the percentage of correct answers, and the fixation parameters, although such a relationship with the blink parameters was not found. There was no correlation of the activity of the eye movement parameters, considered to be mental effort indicators, with a student’s opinion about the task’s difficulty level. On the basis of the investigations made, it can be stated that the fixation duration average can be taken as an index of the difficulty level of the task being solved.

How Hard Will this Task Be? Developments in Analyzing and Predicting Question Difficulty in the Bebras Challenge

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 119-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van der VEGT
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Question Difficulty ◽  
And Task

Predicting the difficulty level of a task on the concepts of computer science or computational thinking, like in the Bebras Challenge, proves to be really hard. Question difficulty breaks down in content difficulty, stimulus difficulty and task difficulty. Several instruments are suggested to predict the overall difficulty level, like using a questionnaire or a rubric; these instruments are applied on the data of a recent contest and proved useful. Relative scoring could also turnout helpful. Especially on content difficulty easy applicable solutions are lacking.

scholarly journals Graphological and semantic foregrounding as affecting gaze and speech of impulsive and reflective readers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Izmalkova ◽  
Anastasia Rzheshevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Textual Information ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Action Event ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Movement Parameters

The study explores the effects of graphological and semantic foregrounding on speech and gaze behavior in textual information construal of subjects with higher and lower impulsivity. Eye movements of sixteen participants were recorded as they read drama texts with interdiscourse switching (semantic foregrounding), with features of typeface distinct from the surrounding text (graphological foregrounding). Discourse modification patterns were analyzed and processed in several steps: specification of participant/object/action/event/perspective modification, parametric annotation of participants’ discourse responses, contrastive analysis of modification parameter activity and parameter synchronized activity. Significant distinctions were found in eye movement parameters (gaze count and initial fixation duration) in subjects with higher and lower impulsivity when reading parts of text with graphical foregrounding. Impulsive subjects tended to visit the areas more often with longer initial fixations than reflective subjects, which is explained in terms of stimulus-driven attention, associated with bottom-up processes. However, these differences in gaze behavior did not result in pronounced distinctions in discourse responses, which were only slightly mediated by impulsivity/reflectivity.

Analyzing Task Difficulty in a Bebras Contest Using Cuttle

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van der VEGT ◽  
Eljakim SCHRIJVERS
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Difficulty Level

Predicting the difficulty level of a task on the concepts of computer science or computational thinking, like in the Bebras Challenge, proves to be really hard. But the announced difficulty level is needed in the contest format used in many local challenges. The Dutch contest system Cuttle has a new module for analysis. This is applied to one specific contest in order to find parameters explaining task difficulty. Using quantitative methods we were able to confirm a relation between answer types and difficulty and a tendency that tasks on data, data structures and representation are better answered than tasks on algorithms and programming.

Pattern recognition and eye-movement parameters

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Parameters

scholarly journals The Relation between Physiological Parameters and Colour Modifications in Text Background and Overlay during Reading in Children with and without Dyslexia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Tamara Jakovljević ◽  
Milica M. Janković ◽  
Andrej M. Savić ◽  
Ivan Soldatović ◽  
Gordana Čolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Colour ◽  
Saccade Duration ◽  
40 Hz

Reading is one of the essential processes during the maturation of an individual. It is estimated that 5–10% of school-age children are affected by dyslexia, the reading disorder characterised by difficulties in the accuracy or fluency of word recognition. There are many studies which have reported that coloured overlays and background could improve the reading process, especially in children with reading disorders. As dyslexia has neurobiological origins, the aim of the present research was to understand the relationship between physiological parameters and colour modifications in the text and background during reading in children with and without dyslexia. We have measured differences in electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activities (EDA) and eye movements of the 36 school-age (from 8 to 12 years old) children (18 with dyslexia and 18 of control group) during the reading task in 13 combinations of background and overlay colours. Our findings showed that the dyslexic children have longer reading duration, fixation count, fixation duration average, fixation duration total, and longer saccade count, saccade duration total, and saccade duration average while reading on white and coloured background/overlay. It was found that the turquoise background, turquoise overlay, and yellow background colours are beneficial for dyslexic readers, as they achieved the shortest time duration of the reading tasks when these colours were used. Additionally, dyslexic children have higher values of beta (15–40 Hz) and the broadband EEG (0.5–40 Hz) power while reading in one particular colour (purple), as well as increasing theta range power while reading with the purple overlay. We have observed no significant differences between HRV parameters on white colour, except for single colours (purple, turquoise overlay, and yellow overlay) where the control group showed higher values for mean HR, while dyslexic children scored higher with mean RR. Regarding EDA measure, we found systematically lower values in children with dyslexia in comparison to the control group. Based on the present results, we can conclude that both pastel and intense background/overlays are beneficial for reading of both groups and all sensor modalities could be used to better understand the neurophysiological origins in dyslexic children.

Construction of H5-Index for Conference Ranking Indicator and its Correlation to ERA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150011
Author(s):  
Worapan Kusakunniran ◽  
Thearith Ponn ◽  
Nuttapol Boonsom ◽  
Suwimol Wahakit ◽  
Kittikhun Thongkanchorn
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Data Cleansing ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Ranking Systems ◽  
Rule Based Approach

This paper develops the Scopus H5-Index rankings, using the field of computer science as a case study. The challenge begins with the inconsistency of conference names. The rule-based approach is invented to automatically clean up duplicate conferences and assign unique pseudo ID for each conference. This data cleansing process is applied on conference names retrieved from both Scopus and ERA/CORE, in order to share common pseudo IDs for the sake of correlation analysis. The proposed data cleansing process is validated using ERA 2010 and CORE 2018 as references and reports the very small errors of 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively. Then, the Scopus H5-Index 2006–2010 and Scopus H5-Index 2014–2018 rankings are constructed and compared with the existing ERA 2010 and CORE 2018 rankings, respectively. The results show that the correlation within the Scopus H5-Index rankings (i.e. Scopus H5-Index 2006–2010 and Scopus H5-Index 2014–2018) is at the top of the moderate correlation band, where the correlation within the ERA/CORE rankings (ERA 2010 and CORE 2018) is at the top of the strong correlation band. While the correlations across ranking systems (i.e. Scopus H5-Index 2006–2010 vs. ERA 2010, and Scopus H5-Index 2014–2018 vs. CORE 2018) are at the bottom and middle of the moderate correlation band. It can be said that the quality assessment using the Scopus H5-Index ranking is more dynamic and quickly up-to-date when compared with the ERA/CORE ranking. Also, these two ranking systems are moderately correlated with each other for both periods of 2010 and 2018.

From Decline of the West to Dawn of Day

Janus Head ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Hub Zwart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
The West ◽  
Smart Technologies

This paper subjects Dan Brown’s most recent novel Origin to a philosophical reading. Origin is regarded as a literary window into contemporary technoscience, inviting us to explore its transformative momentum and disruptive impact, focusing on the cultural significance of artificial intelligence and computer science: on the way in which established world-views are challenged by the incessant wave of scientific discoveries made possible by super-computation. While initially focusing on the tension between science and religion, the novel’s attention gradually shifts to the increased dependence of human beings on smart technologies and artificial (or even “synthetic”) intelligence. Origin’s message, I will argue, reverberates with Oswald Spengler’s The Decline of the West, which aims to outline a morphology of world civilizations. Although the novel starts with a series of oppositions, most notably between religion and science, the eventual tendency is towards convergence, synthesis and sublation, exemplified by Sagrada Família as a monumental symptom of this transition. Three instances of convergence will be highlighted, namely the convergence between science and religion, between humanity and technology and between the natural sciences and the humanities.

scholarly journals Understanding the mechanism of traffic hysteresis and traffic oscillations through the change in task difficulty level

2017 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 523-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saifuzzaman ◽  
Zuduo Zheng ◽  
Md. Mazharul Haque ◽  
Simon Washington
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Traffic Oscillations
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