scholarly journals Decomposing Gender Differences in Bankcard Credit Limits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (072) ◽  
pp. 1-63
Author(s):  
Nathan Blascak ◽  
◽  
Anna Tranfaglia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Credit Score ◽  
Quantile Decomposition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in total bankcard limits by utilizing a data set that links mortgage applicant information with individual-level credit bureau data from 2006 to 2016. We document that after controlling for credit score, income, and demographic characteristics, male borrowers on average have higher total bankcard limits than female borrowers. Using a standard Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that 87 percent of the gap is explained by differences in the effect of observed characteristics between male and female borrowers, while approximately 10 percent of the difference can be explained by differences in the levels of observed characteristics. Using a quantile decomposition strategy to analyze the gender gap along the entire bankcard credit limit distribution, we show that gender differences in bankcard limits favor female borrowers at smaller limits and favor male borrowers at larger limits. The primary factors that drive this gap have changed over time and vary across the distribution of credit limits.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Age at Onset of Schizophrenia

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Wei J. Chen ◽  
Jill M. Goldstein ◽  
Ming T. Tsuang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Existing Data

Numerous studies have found that male schizophrenic patients have earlier ages at onset than females. However, none of these studies have corrected the observed ages for known gender differences in the age distribution of the population. Using a pre-existing data set, we applied a non-parametric method to correct the male and female distributions of observed age at onset for sex-specific age distributions. The distributions of observed age at onset indicated earlier onset among males. After correction, the age-at-onset distributions shifted toward older ages, but the difference between males and females remained statistically significant. Thus, gender differences in the age at onset of schizophrenia are not artefactual.

scholarly journals Determinants of the Socio-Economic Turnout Gap in OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Manuel Bosancianu
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Advanced Democracies

Consistent evidence of variation in the participation gap between education or income groups in developing and developed democracies has begun to accrue. This points to varying disparities in participation between the haves and have nots that occasionally reach alarming levels, potentially triggering breakdowns in political representation. A few cross-sectional analyses identify institutional factors, such as voting complexity or state capacity, or economic ones, like income inequality, as driving the difference. Few explanations currently try to address why this participation gap varies over time. This is the question I take up here—I examine the extent to which the turnout gap has changed over time, and what the most robust explanations are for this temporal trend out of a set of factors grouped into 3 “families”. These sets of explanations refer to mechanisms that operate through voters’ (1) resources, (2) motivation to participate, or (3) likelihood of being mobilized at election time. Using an original pooled data set, with individual-level turnout data from 170–180 elections in 21 OECD countries, and party placement data from the MARPOR project, I show that the magnitude of the turnout gap between lower-SES and higher-SES citizens has increased over time, and that this trend has mainly been driven by the demobilization of lower-SES citizens. A two-stage analysis reveals that union density along with legislative fractionalization are the most consistent correlates of the participation gap between SES groups. The results are obtained from the most comprehensive evaluation to date of the way in which the SES-based turnout gap in advanced democracies has evolved over time. The findings contribute to our understanding of the long-term consequences for individual political behavior of institutional transformations in advanced democracies, and the democratic implications of these changes.

scholarly journals Girls’ comparative advantage in reading can largely explain the gender gap in math-related fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (31) ◽  
pp. 15435-15440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Breda ◽  
Clotilde Napp
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Decisions ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women

Gender differences in math performance are now small in developed countries and they cannot explain on their own the strong underrepresentation of women in math-related fields. This latter result is however no longer true once gender differences in reading performance are also taken into account. Using individual-level data on 300,000 15-y-old students in 64 countries, we show that the difference between a student performance in reading and math is 80% of a standard deviation (SD) larger for girls than boys, a magnitude considered as very large. When this difference is controlled for, the gender gap in students’ intentions to pursue math-intensive studies and careers is reduced by around 75%, while gender gaps in self-concept in math, declared interest for math or attitudes toward math entirely disappear. These latter variables are also much less able to explain the gender gap in intentions to study math than is students’ difference in performance between math and reading. These results are in line with choice models in which educational decisions involve intraindividual comparisons of achievement and self-beliefs in different subjects as well as cultural norms regarding gender. To directly show that intraindividual comparisons of achievement impact students’ intended careers, we use differences across schools in teaching resources dedicated to math and reading as exogenous variations of students’ comparative advantage for math. Results confirm that the comparative advantage in math with respect to reading at the time of making educational choices plays a key role in the process leading to women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive fields.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Academic Efficacy across STEM Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ashlock ◽  
Miodrag Stojnic ◽  
Zeynep Tufekci
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Middle Schoolers ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Math Grades ◽  
And Mathematics

Cultural processes can reduce self-selection into math and science fields, but it remains unclear how confidence in computer science develops, where women are currently the least represented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Few studies evaluate both computer skills and self-assessments of skill. In this paper, we evaluate gender differences in efficacy across three STEM fields using a data set of middle schoolers, a particularly consequential period for academic pathways. Even though girls and boys do not significantly differ in terms of math grades and have similar levels of computer skill, the gender gap in computer efficacy is twice as large as the gap for math. We offer support for disaggregation of STEM fields, so the unique meaning making around computing can be addressed.

scholarly journals Suicide Notes: Exaggerations by Males and Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Purbo Kusumastuti ◽  
Aulia Apriana ◽  
Yazid Basthomi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Touching into the gender differences between males and females in expressing the use of exaggeration expressions, this study analyzes the relevant data using the LIWC tool, the HIP method, and the deficit and difference theories. This study found that in relation to the gender stereotypes, both males and females speak differently, yet also demonstrate similarities. Both the male and female subjects express emotions equally in the language production; yet, the negative emotions are dominated by the males, and the positive emotions are dominated by the females. The difference of emotion productions influences the differences in the males’ production of exaggeration expressions, such as empty adjectives, italic expressions, and hyperbole by the female subjects.  

scholarly journals Do Women Get Fewer Votes? No.

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semra Sevi ◽  
Vincent Arel-Bundock ◽  
André Blais
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe study data on the gender of more than 21,000 unique candidates in all Canadian federal elections since 1921, when the first women ran for seats in Parliament. This large data set allows us to compute precise estimates of the difference in the electoral fortunes of men and women candidates. When accounting for party effects and time trends, we find that the difference between the vote shares of men and women is substantively negligible (±0.5 percentage point). This gender gap was larger in the 1920s (±2.5 percentage points), but it is now statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our results have important normative implications: political parties should recruit and promote more women candidates because they remain underrepresented in Canadian politics and because they do not suffer from a substantial electoral penalty.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Spousal Caregivers’ Care and Housework: Fact or Fiction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Langner ◽  
Frank F Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Levels Of Care

Abstract Objective Many studies reveal a gender gap in spousal care during late life. However, this gap could be an artifact of methodological limitations (small and unrepresentative cross-sectional samples). Using a data set that overcomes these limitations, we re-examine the question of gender differences in spousal care and housework adjustment when a serious illness occurs. Method We use biannual waves between 2001 and 2015 of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and growth curve analyses. We follow couples longitudinally (identified in the household questionnaire) to analyze shifts in spousal care hours and housework plus errand hours that occur as a response to the spousal care need. We test for interactions with levels of care need and with gender. Results We found that men increase their care hours as much as women do, resulting in similar care hours. They also increase their housework and errand hours more than women do. Yet at lower levels of spousal care need, women still do more housework and errands because they spent more time doing housework before the illness. Discussion Even in a context of children’s decreasing availability to care for parents, male spouses assume the required caregiving role in systems relying on a mixture of public and private care.

Gender Differences in Activities and Mobility in the Netherlands, 1975 to 1990

1997 ◽  
Vol 1607 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul van Beek ◽  
Nelly Kalfs ◽  
Ursula Blom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Car Use ◽  
The Difference

As in many other countries, a growing number of women in the Netherlands are entering the labor market. The difference between male and female participation in paid work is decreasing, and more men are taking care of domestic duties. It is expected that these changes will lead to growing numbers of task combiners and to more similar patterns of travel behavior for men and women. The intention of the present research is to investigate these expectations for the situation in the Netherlands. For this goal two groups of time budget data for the period from 1975 to 1990 were analyzed. The focus was on gender differences in trends in time use and mobility. The results indicate that between 1975 and 1990, the distribution of paid work and domestic work by men and women changed, more men and women were performing combinations of obligatory tasks, gender differences in mobility became smaller, and car use, both for men and for women, depended heavily on the workload of an out-of-home paid job.

scholarly journals An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Demos Vardiabasis ◽  
Samuel Seaman ◽  
Yury Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

scholarly journals Young People’s Choice and Voice Concerning Sex and Relationships: Effects of the Multicomponent Get Up Speak Out! Programme in Iganga, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasneem Kakal ◽  
Christine Nalwadda ◽  
Miranda van Reeuwijk ◽  
Maaike van Veen ◽  
Ophelia Chatterjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Young people in Uganda face challenges in achieving their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), such as lack of information, limited access to services, teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. To address this, their empowerment – including their ability to express themselves and make decisions, is a key strategy. This study assessed how young people’s voice and choice concerning sex and relationships changed over the period of three years of implementation of the GUSO programme. Methods Data were collected through a household survey with young people (15–24 years) and through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews with youth and community stakeholders in 2017 for the baseline and 2020 for the end-line. Using the difference-in-difference technique and thematic analysis, changes in key outcomes were assessed over time between intervention and control area. Results There were limited changes over time in the intervention area, which did not differ from changes in the control area. Young people were able to express themselves and expand their decision-making space on sex and relationships, in particular if they were older, male and in a relationship. Young women negotiated their agency, often by engaging in transactional sex. However, youth were still restricted in their self-expression and their choices as speaking about sexuality was taboo, particularly with adults. This was influenced by the political and religious climate around SRHR in Uganda, which emphasised abstinence as the best option for young people to prevent SRHR-related problems. Conclusions Young people’s SRHR remains a challenge in Uganda in the context of a conservative political and religious environment. The limited effect of the programme on increasing young people’s voice and choice concerning relationships in Uganda can be understood in the context of a ban on CSE and the COVID-19 pandemic. These structural and emerging contextual factors enforce the taboo around youth sexuality and hinder their access to SRHR information and services. Multi-component and targeted programmes are needed to influence changes at the structural, community and individual level.

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