Savings Level Determinants and Sustainability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case of I&M Bank Rwanda

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of savings level determinant on sustainability in I&M Rwanda. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of interest rate, income level and access to credit on the sustainability of I&M Bank. This study implemented a descriptive research design and utilized coefficient of correlation to assess the effect of each specific objective on the sustainability of the Bank. The population comprised of 12,057 including 12,050 customers and 7 staff of finance department of I&M Bank Rwanda. A sample size of 99 was calculated using Yamane (1967) simplified formula. To accomplish this aim, both primary and secondary data are used. The researcher used simple random and purposive sampling techniques. A questionnaire and interview have used to collect data. Quantitative data was obtained using questionnaire while a financial statement of I&M Bank covering 2016-2020 was used as secondary data. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis showing mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression was used statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 to analyze statistical information while content analysis used to analyze qualitative information. The findings and recommendations for this study addressed to the I & M Bank Rwanda, for decision-making and policies. The study found that interest rates, income level and access to credit have significant positive effect on sustainability of commercial banks in Rwanda at 78%, 90.5% and 92.9% respectively. The relationship among saving level determinants and sustainability of business bank was also determined to be linear with increase in get admission to credit score by means of clients. The researcher concluded that saving degree and get admission to credit volatility had more effect on sustainability of banks. The study endorsed that guideline to be installed vicinity to boom financial institution lending and ensure monitoring the same. Keywords: Savings Level Determinant, Sustainability, Commercial Banks, I&M Bank, Rwanda

The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Human Resource Management

Blockchain technology could be extended to benefit human resource (HR) practices. With the lack of definitions and best practices in the literature on the applicability of blockchain in HR, there is a need to define the terms related to blockchain technology and its possible applications in HR. In addition, it is also important to address the downside and dark side of adopting blockchain in HR practices. This chapter aims to review the developing literature on blockchain technology, relate concepts to HR practices, present a model for applying blockchain technology in transforming HR practices, and explain the limitations and disadvantages of using blockchain technology in HR management. The chapter also contains two cases that illustrate the applicability issues of blockchain technology based upon the USA's credit score systems and Turkey's e-government application.

Decentralising Personal Credit Score

The current process of securing a loan involves a cumbersome know-your-customer (KYC) process. The process also raises a question about the ownership of credit scores. In this chapter, the authors propose a solution based on a combination of decentralized identifier (DID) W3C blockchain and cryptographic wallet to make it possible to make credit scores possible. A decentralized identifier to enable a loan applicant to assert who he/she is without relying on a centralized identity issuer is key to enabling loan applicants to own his/her own credit score. The use of blockchain is to enable loan applicants to have his/her identity recorded immutably on a store that is trusted by all parties. Finally, the use of a cryptographic wallet is to enable loan applicants to assert identities on demand and prove his/her assertion.

Modelación de riesgo de crédito de personas naturales. Un caso aplicado a una caja de compensación familiar colombiana

Los modelos de tipo Credit Score permiten a los analistas de crédito la cuantificación de los riesgos que implican las operaciones de crédito, la segmentación de afiliados y la recomendación de decisiones de otorgamiento o rechazo de un crédito para personas naturales. Estos modelos buscan entregar la información necesaria para inferir sobre las probabilidades de impago de un afiliado, mediante la aplicación de técnicas paramétricas o no paramétricas. En este trabajo se busca identificar cuáles de los siguientes modelos pueden ser más apropiados para medir el riesgo de crédito de personas naturales en una caja de compensación familiar ubicada en Colombia: Logit, Probit, Redes Neuronales o Linear Support-Vector Machine. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, si bien los Linear Support Vector Machine pueden tener mejor desempeño, los modelos Probit-Stepwise son igualmente útiles y tienen como ventaja la posibilidad de interpretar los parámetros calibrados.

Peran Pamong Belajar: Studi Naturalistik terhadap Pamong Belajar dalam Melaksanakan Layanan Program Pendidikan Non Formal

Research purpose for: 1)Describe the role of tutors in implementing nonformal education programs, 2)Describe the tutors education qualifications, 3) Identify the tutors obstacles in carrying out their duties and functions. The type of research used is qualitative naturalistic research. The research subjects were tutors and leader of the Center for Early Childhood Education Development and Community Education in East Kalimantan Province. Data collection techniques used observation, interview,and documentation studies. The data analysis technique used is the interactive model analysis of Miles and Huberman namely data reduction, data display, and verification. The research results: 1)The role of tutors in providing nonformal education service can be seen from their exsistence in carrying out their duties and functions, namely as educators, program reviewers, and model developers. The tutors education qualifications are in accordance with the minimum standard of academic qualifications, namely undergraduate and postgraduate. 3)The obstacles for tutors are: a)Inadequate facilities and infrastructure to carry out the duties and functions of the institution, b)The head of the center has not provided maximum direction regarding the duties and functions of the tutors, c)Proposing a credit score for tutors is difficult, d)Lack of equal opportunities for tutors to be involved in various activities.

Implementation of Teacher Career Development in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri

This study describes how to implement teacher career development at MAN Batu Bara. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the Career Development Planning of teachers at MAN Batu Bara, (2) To determine the implementation of the Teacher Career Development Program at MAN Batu Bara, (3) To determine the Evaluation of Teacher Career Development at MAN Batu Bara. The approach in this study was carried out with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was obtained by means of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data analysis in this study used data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. Checking or checking the validity of the data used the techniques of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The findings of this study revealed three findings, namely: (1) Planning for teacher career development at MAN Batu Bara carried out by madrasas, namely by planning for proposing the names of teachers who will be promoted to rank or class. Meanwhile, what is done by teachers is by preparing certain conditions for promotion to the rank of class, (2) The implementation of career development at MAN Batu Bara is by compiling a proposal file for promotion compiled by the teacher and recommended by the head of the Madrasa, as well as through examination of files by the head of the Madrasah. supervisor of physical documents and components of credit score assessment for teachers, (3) Evaluation of teacher career development at MAN Batu Bara conducts a self-evaluation by looking at the success of students in subjects and is also carried out by the head of the madrasa every year which is called the employee work target (SKP).

Decomposing Gender Differences in Bankcard Credit Limits

In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in total bankcard limits by utilizing a data set that links mortgage applicant information with individual-level credit bureau data from 2006 to 2016. We document that after controlling for credit score, income, and demographic characteristics, male borrowers on average have higher total bankcard limits than female borrowers. Using a standard Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that 87 percent of the gap is explained by differences in the effect of observed characteristics between male and female borrowers, while approximately 10 percent of the difference can be explained by differences in the levels of observed characteristics. Using a quantile decomposition strategy to analyze the gender gap along the entire bankcard credit limit distribution, we show that gender differences in bankcard limits favor female borrowers at smaller limits and favor male borrowers at larger limits. The primary factors that drive this gap have changed over time and vary across the distribution of credit limits.

Can Facing the Truth Improve Outcomes? Effects of Information in Consumer Finance

This article explores when consumers avoid learning information about their credit scores and how viewing one’s credit score impacts future credit scores.