scholarly journals Kajian Konsep Teknologi Pengolahan Pasir Zirkon Lokal yang Mengandung Monasit, Senotim dan Ilmenit

EKSPLORIUM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herry Poernomo ◽  
Dwi Biyantoro ◽  
Maria Veronica Purwani
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Flow Chart ◽  
Added Value ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Zircon Sand

ABSTRAKKeberadaan zirkon (ZrSiO4) di alam kebanyakan berasosiasi dengan beberapa senyawa oksida berharga (SOB) seperti TiO2 dan oksida logam tanah jarang atau rare earth oxides (REO). Keterdapatan mineral alam di Indonesia yang mengandung zirkonium (Zr) dan REO tersebar di 13 wilayah mulai dari Provinsi Aceh sampai Papua Barat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian adalah melakukan kajian integrasi teknologi pengolahan pasir zirkon lokal yang mengandung TiO2 dan REO. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis kandungan SOB dalam sampel pasir zirkon dari daerah Landak dan Tumbang Titi Kalimantan Barat serta Bangka menggunakan XRF. Berdasarkan kandungan SOB dalam pasir zirkon tersebut dapat diprediksi bahwa pasir zirkon dari daerah Landak dan Tumbang Titi Kalimantan Barat serta Bangka mengandung mineral zirkon (ZrSiO4), ilmenit (FeTiO3), monasit (LREE, Th)PO4, dan senotim (HREE, Y, Th)PO4. Berbasis jenis mineral tersebut diperoleh hasil kajian berupa diagram alir proses konsep teknologi konsentrat zirkon menjadi ZrO2 (zirkonia) dan ZrOCl2.8H2O (zirkonium oksiklorida) derajat industri serta zirkonia dan zirconium chemicals derajat nuklir, ilmenit menjadi TiO2, monasit menjadi Nd2O3 dan konsentrat Th(OH)4, senotim menjadi Y2O3, Gd2O3 dan konsentrat Th(OH)4 dalam satu kawasan pilot plant atau pabrik yang terintegrasi. Hasil kajian disimpulkan bahwa konsep pengolahan pasir zirkon lokal yang mengandung monasit, senotim, dan ilmenit dapat dilakukan secara terintegrasi dalam satu kawasan pabrik dengan hasil multi produk. Jika hal tersebut dapat direalisasikan di Indonesia dengan tambahan sistem pengolahan air limbah terpadu, maka selain aman bagi lingkungan juga dapat menghemat biaya produksi dan memberikan nilai tambah ekonomi bagi para pemegang izin usaha pertambangan zirkon. ABSTRACTThe existence of zircon (ZrSiO4) in the nature is mostly associated with some of the valuable oxide compounds (VOC), such as TiO2 and rare earth oxides (REO). The existence of natural minerals in Indonesia containing zirconium (Zr) and REO lies in 13 regions, ranging from Aceh to West Papua province. Based on those aforementioned aspects, the goal of this research is to conduct the study of integrated technology of local zircon sand processing containing TiO2 and REO. The study was conducted by analyzing the content of VOC in zircon sand samples from the areas of Landak and Tumbang Titi West Kalimantan and Bangka by using XRF. Based on the content of VOC in this zircon sand, it can be predicted that the zircon sand from the area of Landak and Tumbang Titi West Kalimantan and Bangka contains mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), ilmenite (FeTiO3), monazite (LREE, Th)PO4, and xenotime (HREE, Th)PO4. Based on these types of mineral, the flow chart of beneficiation technology process to increase the concentration of each mineral and the flow chart of zircon concentrate process into ZrO2(zirconia) and ZrOCl2.8H2O (zirconium oxychloride) industrial grade and zirconia and zirconium chemicals nuclear grade, ilmenite into TiO2, monazite into Nd2O3, and Th(OH)4 concentrate, xenotime into Y2O3, Gd2O3, and Th(OH)4 concentrate are obtained in one area of pilot plant or an integrated factory. The results of the study concluded that the concept of local processing of zircon sands containing monazite, xenotime, and ilmenite can be either integrated in the region with the results of multi-product plant. If it can be realized in Indonesia with the addition of an integrated waste water treatment system, then in addition to safe for the environment can also save on production costs and give economic added value for shareholders zircon mining permit

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of New Materials Based on Zirconia Doped with Mixed Rare Earth Oxides: Review and First Experimental Results

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Mihail Motoc ◽  
Sorina Valsan ◽  
Anca Elena Slobozeanu ◽  
Mircea Corban ◽  
Daniele Valerini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electronic Configuration ◽  
Electron Beam Evaporation ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
Added Value ◽  
High Price ◽  
Preliminary Results

Monazite is one of the most valuable natural resources for rare earth oxides (REOs) used as dopants with high added value in ceramic materials for extreme environments applications. The complexity of the separation process in individual REOs, due to their similar electronic configuration and physical–chemical properties, is reflected in products with high price and high environmental footprint. During last years, there was an increasing interest for using different mixtures of REOs as dopants for high temperature ceramics, in particular for ZrO2-based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) used in aeronautics and energy co-generation. The use of mixed REOs may increase the working temperature of the TBCs due to the formation of tetragonal and cubic solid solutions with higher melting temperatures, avoiding grain size coarsening due to interface segregation, enhancing its ionic conductivity and sinterability. The thermal stability of the coatings may be further improved by using rare earth zirconates with perovskite or pyrochlore structures having no phase transitions before melting. Within this research framework, firstly we present a review analysis about results reported in the literature so far about the use of ZrO2 ceramics doped with mixed REOs for high temperature applications. Then, preliminary results about TBCs fabricated by electron beam evaporation starting from mixed REOs simulating the real composition as occurring in monazite source minerals are reported. This novel recipe for ZrO2-based TBCs, if optimized, may lead to better materials with lower costs and lower environmental impact, as a result of the elimination of REOs extraction and separation in individual lanthanides. Preliminary results on the compositional, microstructure, morphological, and thermal properties of the tested materials are reported.

Effect of Rare Earth Oxides on Electrical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered AlN Ceramics

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
HUANG Lin-Yun ◽  
LI Chen-Hui ◽  
KE Wen-Ming ◽  
SHI Yu-Sheng ◽  
HE Zhi-Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
Spark Plasma

A glance on rare earth oxides: importance, reserves, demand, applications, critical uncertainties, global economy, and zeta potential characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas Santos ◽  
Orlando Rodrigues ◽  
Letícia Campos
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
Interparticle Forces

Background: Innovation mission in materials science requires new approaches to form functional materials, wherein the concept of its formation begins in nano/micro scale. Rare earth oxides with general form (RE2O3; RE from La to Lu, including Sc and Y) exhibit particular proprieties, being used in a vast field of applications with high technological content since agriculture to astronomy. Despite of their applicability, there is a lack of studies on surface chemistry of rare earth oxides. Zeta potential determination provides key parameters to form smart materials by controlling interparticle forces, as well as their evolution during processing. This paper reports a study on zeta potential with emphasis for rare earth oxide nanoparticles. A brief overview on rare earths, as well as zeta potential, including sample preparation, measurement parameters, and the most common mistakes during this evaluation are reported. Methods: A brief overview on rare earths, including zeta potential, and interparticle forces are presented. A practical study on zeta potential of rare earth oxides - RE2O3 (RE as Y, Dy, Tm, Eu, and Ce) in aqueous media is reported. Moreover, sample preparation, measurement parameters, and common mistakes during this evaluation are discussed. Results: Potential zeta values depend on particle characteristics such as size, shape, density, and surface area. Besides, preparation of samples which involves electrolyte concentration and time for homogenization of suspensions are extremely valuable to get suitable results. Conclusion: Zeta potential evaluation provides key parameters to produce smart materials seeing that interparticle forces can be controlled. Even though zeta potential characterization is mature, investigations on rare earth oxides are very scarce. Therefore, this innovative paper is a valuable contribution on this field.

Critical Current of Bi-2212 Single Crystal by Doping Oxides as a Pinning Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Takuya Agou ◽  
Hiroya Imao
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
Pinning Centers ◽  
Current Path ◽  
Pinning Center ◽  
Superconducting Current ◽  
A Current

It is necessary to formpinning centers in superconductors to allow the flow of large currents throughthe specimens. To clarify the properties of pinning centers, it is preferableto investigate single crystals. In this study, heat treatment was used to dopevarious oxides into Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox(Bi-2212) single crystals prepared by self-flux methods and the criticalcurrent (Ic) was measured. The oxides used in this study were Al2O3and the rare earth oxides Er2O3and Nd2O3. At 77K, Nd2O3and Er2O3 are magnetic, whereas Al2O3is nonmagnetic. The Ic of the samples were measured as a current per width of 1cm (Ics). The resulting Ics of the Bi-2212 single crystal was 2.8A/cm and thatof the Al2O3 doped Bi-2212 sample was 4.5A/cm. Comparedwith these samples, doping the other rare earth oxides gave Ics values inexcess 10A/cm. The results indicated that the doping oxides were effective inoperating as pinning centers in the samples. We assumed the current path in asingle crystal, and calculated the Ics by superconducting current simulation.The results indicated that the oxides permeated from a crystal surface in aporous shape. The oxides increase the current which flow in the Cu-O2planes that are parallel to the a-b plane.

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