scholarly journals Problems with and after the direct translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4-1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan Cloete
Keyword(s):  
Direct Translation

scholarly journals Phrase Table Combination Based on Symmetrization of Word Alignment for Low-Resource Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1868
Author(s):  
Sari Dewi Budiwati ◽  
Al Hafiz Akbar Maulana Siagian ◽  
Tirana Noor Fatyanosa ◽  
Masayoshi Aritsugi
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Word Alignment ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Relative Improvement ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Target Source

Phrase table combination in pivot approaches can be an effective method to deal with low-resource language pairs. The common practice to generate phrase tables in pivot approaches is to use standard symmetrization, i.e., grow-diag-final-and. Although some researchers found that the use of non-standard symmetrization could improve bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) scores, the use of non-standard symmetrization has not been commonly employed in pivot approaches. In this study, we propose a strategy that uses the non-standard symmetrization of word alignment in phrase table combination. The appropriate symmetrization is selected based on the highest BLEU scores in each direct translation of source–target, source–pivot, and pivot–target of Kazakh–English (Kk–En) and Japanese–Indonesian (Ja–Id). Our experiments show that our proposed strategy outperforms the direct translation in Kk–En with absolute improvements of 0.35 (a 11.3% relative improvement) and 0.22 (a 6.4% relative improvement) BLEU points for 3-gram and 5-gram, respectively. The proposed strategy shows an absolute gain of up to 0.11 (a 0.9% relative improvement) BLEU points compared to direct translation for 3-gram in Ja–Id. Our proposed strategy using a small phrase table obtains better BLEU scores than a strategy using a large phrase table. The size of the target monolingual and feature function weight of the language model (LM) could reduce perplexity scores.

Characterization of messenger RNA by direct translation from agarose gels

1983 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrie L. Brandt ◽  
Perry B. Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Agarose Gels ◽  
Direct Translation

scholarly journals TEACHING SERBIAN LEARNERS ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS: THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH VS. THE COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Srđan M. Gajdoš
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Phrasal Verbs ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Approach To Teaching ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Better Than

This study examines the results obtained by using the traditional and the cognitive approach to teaching phrasal verbs. The control group was taught phrasal verbs using the traditional way i.e. by providing a direct translation into Serbian. In the experimental group the author presented the verbs by explaining the meanings of the very particles and the meanings they develop. Both groups were given a test immediately after they received input. They were also tested on the meanings of untaught phrasal verbs three weeks later. Utilising the cognitive approach helped the students learn the phrasal verbs more successfully. The students who knew various meanings of the particles were able to understand the meanings of the whole phrasal verbs better. The experimental group was able to predict the meanings of the untaught phrasal verbs in the delayed test better than the control group.

scholarly journals ELIMINATION OF CULTURAL LINGUISTIC GAPS IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S NOVEL “THE GREAT GATSBY”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 829-835
Author(s):  
Giedrė Valūnaitė-Oleškevičienė ◽  
Ramunė Eugenija Tovstucha ◽  
Liudmila Mockienė ◽  
Jelena Suchanova ◽  
Andrius Puksas
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Cultural Gaps

The aim of this study is to analyse the translation strategies of culture-specific items used in the Lithuanian translation of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, published in 2013 by seeking to determine strategies chosen by the Lithuanian translator in order to eliminate cultural gaps related to culture-specific items, as well as to determine which of the strategies are predominant and therefore which translation approach prevails. The research is carried out relying on the classification of translation startegies provided by Pedersen (2005) which include strategies such as official equivalent, retention, specification, direct translation, generalization, substitution, and omission. Quantitative analysis is used to determine which strategies are predominant in the translation, while qualitative analysis is employed to discuss the reasonability of translator’s choices. Knowledge and awareness of the translation strategies of culture-specific items provide easily identifiable advice on how culture-specific items could be used and translated.

Electoral Identity and Individual–Societal Dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-211
Author(s):  
Michael Bruter ◽  
Sarah Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Societal Dynamics

This chapter develops a model of electoral identity. The starting point is that virtually all electoral science is based on a silent assumption: that the vote is a direct translation of electoral preference. This corresponds to an intrinsic tenet of representative democracy, the idea that elections are intended to aggregate citizens' preferences, which representative institutions will thereby reflect. There is, however, nothing to suggest that those original intentions are necessarily confirmed by how citizens behave in elections. The chapter therefore asks a question which has the potential to invalidate the single most important premise of electoral research: what if citizens do not go to the polling booth to register a raw preference, but instead inhabit a certain role when they go to vote? It hypothesizes that the vote is not a straightforward measure of spontaneous preference, but that instead, citizens' behaviour is shaped by how they perceive the function of elections, and in turn their role as voters. Using the analogy of sports events, whereby parties and candidates represent the competing teams, the chapter identifies two key alternative perceptions of the role of voters: ‘referees’ and ‘supporters’.

scholarly journals How ‘direct’ can a direct translation be? Some perspectives from the realities of a new type of church Bible

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo H.J. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Type ◽  
Functional Features

The skopos of this new type of church Bible is: ‘How would the source texts of the Bible have sounded in Afrikaans in the context envisaged for its hypothesised first audience(s)?’ Fully acknowledging the complexities of language as a dynamic and complex system embedded in the culture and conceptual world of its speakers, as well as the wide range of frames that are involved in the process of Bible translation as a difficult form of secondary communication, this article addresses two of the challenges of this ambitious project. In the first section the incongruence between the world of the Old Testament and speakers of Afrikaans is treated. Examples are provided of instances where both the nature of difficult secondary intercultural communication as well as the subjective theories of the host audience constrains the ‘directness’ of the translation. In the second section, some of the challenges of distinguishing between the formal and functional features of Biblical Hebrew are dealt with. The article concludes that, although the notion ‘communicative clue’ provides a useful heuristic device to act as point of departure for negotiations on the construal of the meaning of the text in the source language and host language respectively, the notion has to be supplemented by insights from the fields of cultural anthropology, cognitive linguistics and linguistic typology. A better understanding of how meaning ‘works’ (e.g. how linguistic expressions act as windows into the conceptual worlds of speakers, how the meaning of expressions may shift and develop, as well as processes of grammaticalisation) provides members of a translation team with some criteria to make informed decisions when they negotiate how the meaning of specific Biblical Hebrew constructions are to be construed ‘directly’ in Afrikaans.Keywords: Afrikaans Bibles; Bible translation; Biblical Hebrew; church Bible; code model; cognitive linguistics; cognitive semantics; communication model; communicative clue; direct translation; discourse marker; dynamic equivalent translation; functionalist tran 

scholarly journals Translation Microstrategies Used by Visually Impaired Translators

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Raden Arief Nugroho ◽  
Mangatur Rudolf Nababan ◽  
Edi Subroto
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Flesch Reading Ease ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
The One

<p>This paper discusses the microstrategies of translation (Schjoldager et al., 2008) used by visually impaired translators in translating English texts into Indonesian. There are three reasons for using these microstrategies: 1) they are more specific and thorough; 2) they outnumber other translation strategies; and 3) they can show the degree of creativity applied in a translation work (Yang, 2010). In order to collect the data, a translation task was assigned to two subjects of research in this study. The assignment was to translate a psychological text categorized as “very difficult to read” according to Flesch Reading Ease criteria. Six microstrategies were employed by the translators. The microstrategies and their total frequencies are as follows: direct transfer (9), direct translation (17), explicitation (6), paraphrase (3), addition (4), and deletion (4). Surprisingly, a visually impaired translator who has achieved better English proficiency and experienced translation training is less creative than the one who has not, i.e., the translator’s creativity does not imply the quality of translation.</p>

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