44*Adjective-noun Collocations in Tourist Advertising Brochures About Istria: a Corpus-based Translation Study

The aim of this research is to determine the collocation strength and contrastively analyse adjective-noun collocations in tourist advertising brochures about Istria found on the official web-page of the Croatian Tourist Board assuming that collocations found in the brochures will be stronger, i.e. more typical, and that most collocations in the English language will be direct translation equivalents of the Croatian collocations. The research starts by describing the position and importance of tourism in the overall European and Croatian industry. It then continues with a definition of collocations, their importance for smooth communication, and the description of their different types, highlighting the problems encountered with their proper translation. The empirical part presents the corpus-based methodology applied and offers the analysis results which confirm the tested assumptions. In the end, the study offers suggestions about how to overcome difficulties in the acquisition and use of collocations in the tourism discourse.

Die invloed van die lojaliteite en onderliggende vertaalfilosofie van die vertaler op die vertaalkeuses, met verwysing na die Afr2020 Bybelvertaling

The influence of the translator’s loyalties and underlying translation philosophy on the translation choices, with reference to the Afr2020 Bible translation. When the reader looks a little deeper than the initial superficial ‘Revised’ Old Translation impression that reading the Afrikaans 2020 translation gives you, then one realizes that a great deal of effort had to be put into leading such a large group of diverse translators to understand the essence of a direct translation and to be able to apply it consistently. But it is precisely here that problems can arise. Due to the nature of skopus and the style of the Afrikaans 2020 translation, this direct translation can be categorised on the side of the more literal translations and it thus has a very high percentage of agreement with the 1953 Old Afrikaans translation. If the direct translation is not just another name or a revision of the so-called word-for-word translation, then what is this direct translation? Van der Merwe referring to this translation also touches on this issue when he says: ‘a ‘direct’ translation of the Bible is not new jargon for a word-for-word translation of the Bible. It is an attempt to ‘interpretively resemble’ in good idiomatic Afrikaans all the communicative clues of the source text in the contexts construed for the source text audience’. This underlying fundamental premise brings a lot of tension to the fore. Van der Merwe also confirms this (2014:294) by stating: ‘attempts to translate ancient texts directly (is) an almost impossible ideal (to) pursue’.Contribution: This study evaluated the Afrikaans 2020 translation according to its own criteria, the translation brief and to its self-proclaimed nature as ‘direct’ translation in order to try to make an objective evaluation and assessment of this great work. This process also pointed out where the loyalties of the translators lie, and what the underlying translation philosophy is, and how difficult it is to make a distinction between the direct translation method and using archaic words and terms.

Ribosome changes elicit non-canonical translation for chemosurvival in G0 leukemic cells

Quiescent leukemic cells survive chemotherapy, with translation changes. Our data reveal that FXR1, a protein amplified in several aggressive cancers, increases in quiescent and chemo- treated leukemic cells, and promotes chemosurvival. This suggests undiscovered roles for this RNA- and ribosome-associated protein in chemosurvival. FXR1 depletion decreases translation and ribosome subunits, with altered rRNAs, snoRNAs, and ribosomal proteins (RPs). We find that FXR1 binds factors that promote ribosome gene transcription and bind snoRNAs. Ribosome changes increased in FXR1-overexpressing cells, including increased snoRNAs and RPLP0/uL10, activate eIF2α kinases. Accordingly, phospho-eIF2α increases, enabling non- canonical translation of survival and immune regulators in FXR1-overexpressing cells. Overriding these with inhibitors reduces chemosurvival. Thus, increased FXR1 in quiescent or chemo-treated leukemic cells, alters ribosomes that trigger stress signals to re-direct translation for chemosurvival.One Sentence SummaryFXR1 alters ribosomes in G0, which induce stress signals to elicit noncanonical translation for AML drug and immune survival.

Enriching English-Malay Proverbs using Proverbs Card Game for Second Language Learners

For ESL students, acquiring English proverbs have always been a struggle due to a wide range of aspects related to L2 that are mostly dissimilar with their L1. However, many studies conducted have accentuated the significance of comprehending L2 proverbs in encouraging students’ communicative competence in real-life context. Due to limited L2 exposure or knowledge related to proverbial texts, ESL students have the tendency to use word-for-word translation when they attempt to use them in writing and speaking. To encourage students to use suitable English proverbs, a 52-piece proverbs card game that consists of English proverbs with equivalent Malay proverbs pairs was introduced to 20 heterogeneous level of ESL diploma students. A case study with a predominant quantitative method was employed where the preliminary pre- and post-test were conducted to investigate the significance of introducing the proverbs card game to reduce students’ direct translation. Subsequently, the result was later validated with qualitative data where semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to identify the affective variables as proposed by Krashen (1982) in Affective Filter Hypothesis. From the findings, it can be presumed that there is a significant difference between pre- and post-test scores with the post-test scores being higher16than the pre-test scores. Moreover, based on the hypothesis, data analysed from the semi-structured interviews revealed respondents’ affective variables such as motivation, self-confidence, attitude were high and anxiety are high, thus, it allows more comprehensible input when they were playing with the proverbs card game. Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching L2 proverbs using card game can help students’ reduce dependency on direct translation and lower their affective filter hypothesis which enriches their usage of L2 proverbs.

The Challenges the Translation of Metaphors Pose and the Ways in Which Translators Can Overcome Them

Metaphors and their impact within languages have been a topic of wide discussion between scholars. This research paper focuses on their translatability as well as the challenges that they pose to translators. Metaphors can become a problem during translation, since they are inherently tied to the culture of its source language, making them potentially meaningless in another. There are a number of different ways in which metaphors can be translated, such as; The literal translation of a metaphor, thus creating an identical metaphor, termed direct translation. Substitution, which is the translation of a metaphor into an altered metaphor by replacing the image present in the source language to that of a metaphor that has the same or a close sense in the target language, therefore taking into consideration the culture of the target language. Paraphrasing, which is the translation of the sense of the metaphor, or restating a metaphor during the process of translation.

Rewards and their Influence on Employee Motivation

: The present paper aims to study the impact of rewards and recognition on the motivation of employees in a organization. By getting recognition they tend to have higher self-esteem, more confident, willingness to take on new challenges and more eagerness to be innovative. Reward system in any organization is an important tool which management can channelized the employees from present to desired ways. The descriptive research paper design on the light of various motivation theories is adopted for this study. It is also significant to discover that there is a direct and positive relationship between rewards and recognition and job satisfaction and the direct translation o this could be that the better the rewards and recognition, the higher the levels of motivation and satisfaction, and possibly therefore, the greater the levels of performance and productivity.

النصوص المترجمة عبر الترجمة الآلية في(Facebook): يجب إعادة صياغتها

The limited understanding of a foreign language can become an obstacle in understanding messages written in that language. So, users of these foreign languages ​​need translation to understand the language. Nowadays, translation is made easier with Google's translation feature. Even Facebook also provides a direct translation feature. However, new problems arise with this digital translation. Namely, the inaccuracy of the translation results between the source language and the target language as happened in the Facebook translation feature. This study aims to describe the problems with the translation results of Facebook. This study used a qualitative approach and was analyzed descriptively. The result of this research is that the Facebook translation feature cannot be used to translate the whole text. Apart from that, there are some aspects of Facebook's inaccuracies. So that users who translate Facebook need to reread the translation results from Facebook by paraphrasing.

Die 2020-direkte vertaling in Afrikaans: Waarom en hoe?

The 2020 direct translation into Afrikaans: Why and how? The Bible Society of South Africa’s commission that the new 2020 translation of the Bible into Afrikaans should be soundly source-text orientated and at the same time easy to understand, set a difficult task to the translators. The 2020 translators would have to dig deep to make these two almost opposing goals meet. The ways by which the translators eventually put their commission into practice, was investigated in this article. The method of investigation was to inspect the decisions of the translators’ steering committee about how they planned to execute the commission they received from the Bible Society, and to test their decisions to its execution in practical examples from the 2020 translation itself. The investigation brought to light that the translators’ success in the execution of their task, to a large extent, resulted from the fact that they, from the outset, made a clear distinction between the linguistic characteristics and the textual characteristics of both the source and the reception language. This enabled them to make a directly reflecting type of translation without giving way to either formal equivalence or dynamic equivalence. The translators decided not to translate into modern terms typical historic-cultural matters such as measures and weights, currencies and military ranks. By retaining the Hebrew and Greek terms, they tried to conserve the local colour of the source text and to provide a historical credibility to the translation. Moreover, the language and linguistic register of the translation was brought into line with a pre-identified target audience thus contributing to the dignity of the translation text and, simultaneously, making sure that it would be easily understood.Contribution: The investigation led to the conclusion that the translators rather successfully dealt with the difficult task that the Bible Society had put before them. They made every effort to present their readers with a directly reflecting type of translation in a neat, stylistically meticulous and clear Afrikaans. Therefore, readers can receive this new contribution to the treasure of Afrikaans Bible translations with gratitude, and use it freely as a welcome addition to the already existing translations.