scholarly journals Chlorine in swimming pools

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Schoeler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Competitive Swimmer ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

scholarly journals Chlorine in swimming pools

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Schoeler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Competitive Swimmer ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

Career Paths and Advice for Women Wanting to Obtain a Management Position within the Health and Fitness Industry

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenna G. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Career Paths ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
Management Positions ◽  
Sport Industry ◽  
Career Advice ◽  
Women In Sports ◽  
Management Position

While scholars have focused their attention on women working in management positions within several segments of the sport industry, limited research has been done within the health and fitness industry. The purpose of this study provided career path information and advice to women pursuing a management position within the health and fitness industry. The participants were 480female managers who were distributed the Career Paths of Women in Sports Survey in eliciting responses related to their career paths and career advice. Means were calculated for the quantitative data. A three-step content-analytic procedure was used to analyze the qualitative data. The practical information focused on women climbing the ladder from an entry-level position to the management position they are in today. Career advice included, but was not limited to, continuing education, staying up-to-date on certifications, gaining practical experience, networking, and obtaining a mentor.

scholarly journals A global scientific literature of research on water quality indices: trends, biases and future directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Ribeiro Alves ◽  
Fabrício Barreto Teresa ◽  
João Carlos Nabout
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Number Of Publications

AIM: Water quality has been the subject of many recent studies, moreover, the physical, chemical and biological parameters of water are used to investigate water quality and can be combined into a single index, the Water Quality Index (WQI), for use by water resource managers and the general public. The aim of this study was to use scientometrics to evaluate how water quality has been addressed in the international scientific literature. METHOD: For the quantitative analysis of the publications on WQI, we used the search database SCOPUS (http://www.scopus.com). The search was performed using the words "QUALIT* WATER* INDEX*" in papers published in all databases (through 2011). RESULTS: We found 554 articles that dealt with the use of WQI the number of publications has increased significantly over the last 20 years. India had the most studies, with 177 articles, followed by China, Brazil and the United States. These four countries together published 57% of studies on WQI. We generated 15 linear models to explain the number of publication by study sit (country). According to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best model to explain the number of publications by country was the model that combined Sanitation and Public Supply. CONCLUSION: Finally, this paper presents the state of scientific literature on WQI and demonstrates the growing interest of the scientific community in this issue, which is certainly due to the importance of the quantity and quality of water for human supply, economics, health and the conservation of water resources.

scholarly journals Monitoring of the hydrochemical regime of growing ponds

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (93) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
S. I. Kravets ◽  
O. V. Krushelnytska ◽  
N. V. Poliukhovych
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Hydrochemical Regime ◽  
Water Quality Indicators

The growth and development of fish depend on the physicochemical properties of water, such as temperature, turbidity, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrates, nitrites, etc. The article presents data on the hydrochemical regime of growing ponds of the farm “Rudnyky” of Lviv region. Studies have shown that the water quality indicators of growing ponds during the growing season are within the normative values and the water is suitable for fish farming. In the breeding ponds of the Rudnyky fishery, the water quality indicators fluctuated within the following limits, namely: the hydrogen index (pH) was within the maximum permissible concentrations (6.7–8.0). The content of dissolved oxygen in the water during the growing season was within normal limits (6.5 to 7.8 mg/l) and fully met the requirements for carp fish ponds, the alkalinity of the water was average and varied between 2.40 and 3.20 mg-eq/l, permanganate and dichromate oxidation varied slightly – 8.6–15.45 mgO/l and 25.6–40.50 mgO/l, which corresponds to the normative indicators for fish farming. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) in the growing ponds of the farm averaged 0.008–0,520 mg N/l, the content of nitrites and nitrates was 0.002–0.100 mg N/l and 0.060–0,520 mg N/l, respectively. The average concentration ranged from 0.10 mg P/l to 0.40 mg P/l of mineral phosphorus (PO4-3), which did not exceed the normative values. The amount of total iron in the water of the pond did not have high values, averaged 0.10–0.38 mg Fe/l, which was within the maximum allowable concentrations. The values of total hardness of water were determined as moderately hard and were in the range of 2.9–5.0 mg-eq/l. The salt composition of pond water was characterized by total mineralization, the ratio of ions and the content of chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates. During the study period, the content of chlorides (Cl-) sulfates (SO4 2-); hydrocarbons (HCO3-), did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration. Among the cations in the pond water, calcium ions (Ca2+ ) predominated, their content averaged 28.2–80 mg Ca/l. In the studied pond, the concentration of magnesium (Mg2+) reached average values – 6.8–20.0 mg/l. The total mineralization of water was 300.4–440.4 mg/l. By the nature of the ionic composition, the water of the growing ponds belongs to the hydrocarbonate composition of the calcium group.

scholarly journals The Intention-to-Repurchase Paradox: A Case of the Health and Fitness Industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Ferrand ◽  
Leigh Robinson ◽  
Pierre Valette-Florence
Keyword(s):  
Customer Relations ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Customer Commitment ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
Perceived Price ◽  
Positive Direct

The article proposes a conceptual model to examine the relationships between service attributes, brand associations, customer satisfaction, commitment, price of membership, and intention to repurchase in a fitness club. The results show that the services offered by the club, its security, and the promoted image of the club impact positively on satisfaction. The customer relations at the club, customer commitment, and their frequency of weekly attendance have a positive direct effect on intention to repurchase. Perceived price has a negative direct influence. Finally, the research showed that overall satisfaction has a slight positive impact on frequency of attendance. These findings create a paradox for managers of health and fitness organizations who will have to balance the need to increase frequency of attendance to positively impact on intention to repurchase with the need to deliver the service attributes that affect satisfaction and intention to repurchase at high quality level.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Platform Operators, Content Producers, and Information Receivers toward Health and Fitness Apps

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Ching Li ◽  
Chia-Wen Lee ◽  
Tzu-Chun Huang ◽  
Wei-Shiang Lai
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Ahp Method ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Content Category ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The interactive mechanism among platform operators, content producers, and information receivers is increasingly complex in human–computer symbiosis. The purpose of this study is to identify the interactive value among platform operators, content producers, and information receivers with regard to information through the health and fitness apps by adopting an advanced Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method derived from professional perspectives of app users and operators, key opinion leaders, scholars, and officers. The AHP method was allocated weightings to the evaluation criteria from the twelve panelists from three groups of platform operators, content producers, and information receivers. After focus group interviews were conducted, four dimensions and twelve sub-dimensions of the initial health and fitness apps were obtained as follows: Content category: Monitoring, exercise, journaling, and sleeping; (2) User reviews: Fuctionality, interactivity, and criticism; (3) Content updates: New feature, correctness, and new language; (4) Platform terms: Privacy, accuracy, ownership, and right of use. The study integrated the panelists’ opinions toward health and fitness apps and analyzed the weight of each indicator according to their importance by Power Choice V2.5. The results revealed that the weights of dimensions of health and fitness apps were sorted by content category, user review, platform terms, and content update, as well as that the weights of the top six sub-dimensions were followed: monitoring, exercise, functionality, interactivity, privacy, and accuracy. Content producers suggested increasing the popularity of their products by adding new features, whereas information receivers preferred to correct problems. Content producers and information receivers graded platform terms as less essential, whereas platform operators rated platform terms higher. This study can contribute to assisting the health and fitness industry and the overall strategic operative process by identifying how the effectiveness in the procedures, estimative process, and cost-down can enhance competitiveness to further improve users experience and satisfaction.

Water quality of swimming pools in Athens area

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fotis Rigas ◽  
Athina Mavridou ◽  
Athanassios Zacharopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Athens Area
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