scholarly journals A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiás Maté Balogh ◽  
Nuno Carlos Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) is one of the biggest traders of agricultural products. In 2017, extra-EU agricultural trade accounted for 7.4% of the total EU international trade. Furthermore, Europe is the main destination for agricultural goods arriving from African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) trading partners. The paper analyses the effect of geographical proximity, cultural similarity, free trade agreements on bilateral agricultural trade as well as intra-industry trade between EU member states and its trading partners (intra and extra EU trade), employing gravity model for a period of 1996–2017. Regression results suggest that EU countries export more agricultural products to their common markets. In addition, the export costs of agricultural products are lower if the EU and its external trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both have regional trade agreements. We found a moderate intra-industry trade between the EU and ACP countries at 18%. The results indicate rather inter-industry trade between EU and non-EU members, with a lower index level for ACP countries. A higher positive impact is revealed on the agricultural import between ACP-EU countries than export.

scholarly journals Czech foreign agricultural trade after joining the European Union

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bašek ◽  
J. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Eu

The objective of the paper is to assess how the Czech agricultural sector has withstood keen competition in the EU single market as measured by the basic indicators of foreign trade exchange. The impacts expressed by the indicators of active and/or adverse balance of trade were monitored for the post-accession period (the average of the years 2005–2007) in comparison with the pre-accession period (the average of the years 2001–2003). The assessment of the impacts of the accession to the EU is based on an analysis of the commodity and territorial structure of Czech agricultural foreign trade. The comparison of agricultural balance before and after the accession to the EU for our major trading partners shows that the active balance of the CR with Slovakia increased to 12.0 billion CZK per year; on the contrary, in relation to Poland, the trade deficit of 6.4 billion CZK per year was recorded while Germany strengthened its position in relation to the CR by an increase in the negative balance to 5.4 billion CZK and in relation to Austria, our adverse balance is maintained at the level of 1.1 to 1.2 billion CZK per year for a long time. After the accession to the EU, it was confirmed that the former EU 15 countries took a greater advantage of the customs union enlargement in the framework of the EU 27.

scholarly journals The Pursuit of Non-Trade Policy Objectives in EU Trade Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Ingo Borchert ◽  
Paola Conconi ◽  
Mattia Di Ubaldo ◽  
Cristina Herghelegiu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Limited Scope ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Union (EU) often conditions preferential access to its market on compliance with Non-Trade Policy Objectives (NTPOs), including human rights and labor and environmental standards. In this paper, we first systematically document the coverage of NTPOs across the main tools of EU trade policy: its (association and non-association) trade agreements and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs. We then discuss the extent to which the EU can use these tools as a ‘carrot-and-stick’ mechanism to promote NTPOs in trading partners. We argue that, within trade agreements, the EU has limited scope to extend or restrict tariff preferences to ‘reward good behavior’ or ‘punish bad behavior’ on NTPOs, partly because multilateral rules require members to eliminate tariffs on substantially all trade. By contrast, GSP preferences are granted on a unilateral basis, and can thus more easily be extended or limited, depending on compliance with NTPOs. Our analysis also suggests that the commercial interests of the EU inhibit the full pursuit of NTPOs in its trade agreements and GSP programs.

scholarly journals DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Henryk Runowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Farmer Income ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture.

scholarly journals Moroccan agricultural products in the single market: trade flows and competitiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fernández Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis paper explores the main contents of the agricultural trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and Morocco during the period 2008-2017. It investigates the agricultural trade relations and trade flows focussing on the competitiveness of Moroccan agriculture in the single market. The concept of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) is used as the main analytical device. The a priori hypothesis is that the trade agreements and specifically the agriculture concessional trade provisions granted by the EU to Morocco have created the proper Moroccan agricultural scenery to improve production and exports. The examination and evaluation of the data tends to confirm the hypothesis. Morocco is becoming a veritable exporting power, it has diversified exports and most of its product sectors enjoy high levels of comparative advantage in the single market.

scholarly journals Impact of Investment Sources for Sustainability on a Country’s Sustainable Development: Evidence from the EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indre Lapinskaite ◽  
Viktorija Skvarciany ◽  
Patrikas Janulevicius
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Eu Structural Funds ◽  
The Eu

All countries face several issues while running the process of sustainable development—the absence of a uniform means of sourcing investment for sustainable development and the lack of a unified index for the evaluation of sustainable development. No doubt, ensuring sustainable development requires constant financial investments. Hence, it is essential to examine the investment sources for sustainable development at the country level and to comprehend if the current financial investment has a direct impact on the results of a country’s sustainable development. The article aims at identifying the financing sources for sustainable development for each of the European Union (EU) countries and assessing their impact on each of the EU countries’ sustainable development, which is expressed as the Integrated Sustainable Development Index (ISDI). After the detailed analysis of investment sources for the sustainability of the EU countries, two sources of investment, assignation of budget and the EU structural funds, were selected, and ISDI calculation was applied for twenty-five of the EU member states for the period 2003–2017. Correlation analysis (using SPSS software) helped to identify the strength of the connection and to select countries for the Johansen Cointegration Test (using Eviews software) in order to determine how variables interact. The results show that the combination of the assignation of budget and the EU structural funds has a positive impact on the coherence of five (Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain, Slovenia, and Austria) out of twenty-four countries.

The Empirical Evidence of the EU–Russia Failed Strategic Partnership: Did it have a Positive Impact on Bilateral Trade?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Anna Garashchuk ◽  
Fernando Isla Castillo ◽  
Pablo Podadera Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Eu

Many observers were casting doubts about the existence of a strategic partnership between Russia and the European Union long before the annexation of Crimea and the subsequent strained relations between the two blocs. Nevertheless, the main challenge of this article is to prove that there was indeed a positive effect regarding the strategic partnership on bilateral trading – together with such factors as the growth of the Russian and EU GDPs per capita, the devaluation of the Russian currency and the oil price increase – by applying the Gravity Model. Based on this model, it was also confirmed that there was a negative effect of the geographical distance and sanctions between parties on the EU–Russia trade flow. Moreover, we tried to predict by means of the Error Correction Models how EU–Russia bilateral trade would have changed according to a scenario wherein the parties continued being strategic partners, and had the sanctions not been imposed. As such, and by the method described, not only was it empirically confirmed that the major partners would have received the most benefit from the strategic partnership with Russia but even Russia’s smaller trading partners are incurring significant welfare losses from sanctions, along with Russia itself.

scholarly journals Znaczenie wymiany bilateralnej w handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE i USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Karolina Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
American Agriculture ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the paper was to assess the importance of the bilateral turnover to the EU and the US foreign trade in agri-food products in 2001-2016, as well as to define the possibilities of its development after signing the TTIP Agreement. The research is based on the data from the ComExt Database in the resources of the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service's Global Agricultural Trade System. It was proved that in 2001-2016 the EU and the US were important trade partners for each other, but the value of bilateral trade in agri-food products remained relatively small, largely due to low complementarity of the Polish and American agriculture and the resulting minor demand for agricultural products from the temperate zone in the US. These products are made in the US, usually at a lower cost, and they are the export surplus of this country. The way to intensify the EU-US bilateral trade may be to develop a transatlantic free trade area, resulting in a strong effect of trade creation between the TTIP parties, with a limited impact on the relationship with other trading partners.

Assessment of dynamics and structure of goods export of the Lviv region to the countries of the European Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Oksana Protsevyat
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the current state and tendencies of development of industrial goods export from Lviv кegion to the countries of the European Union. The paper reveals that in the period 2000–2018 there was a growing tendency of the volume of industrial production, which in 2018 increased 27.6 times compared to the beginning of the analyzed period. The situation on the foreign market was also found to be positive: in 2018 the volume of export of manufactured goods increased more than 30 times compared to 2000. The peculiarities of export of goods from Lviv Region are investigated. The share of exports of goods to EU countries in the total export of goods from the Lviv Region is estimated to be significantly high and ranging from 64.2 per cent in 2010 to 78.6 per cent in 2018. A number of the largest trading partners among the European Union countries to which industrial goods from Lviv Region are exported are highlighted. The largest export of industrial goods from the EU countries was sent to Denmark, Italy, Germany, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The dynamics and structure of export of industrial goods from Lviv Region to the countries of the European Union are presented. It is estimated that, in terms of the structure of export of industrial goods, a significant share is occupied by the export of wood and its products (11.0–11.9 per cent), textile materials and textile products (12.2–16.4 per cent), machinery, equipment and mechanisms, electrical equipment (30.6-35.1 per cent) and various industrial goods (13.7-16.5 per cent). The main reasons for the decline in exports of industrial goods from Lviv Region to the EU countries in 2018 are highlighted. In particular, such reasons are: decrease in production of some industrial products in the region, dependence on the level of world prices for these goods and on the market situation of industrial goods in EU countries, increase in export of manufactured goods to other countries of the world.

scholarly journals “Non-Recognition” of the EAEU by the European Union: Political Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Bolonina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Growing Network ◽  
Formal Dialogue ◽  
The Eu

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) positions itself as an open integration formation and considers the cooperation with external partners as a key feature of its functioning. However, while it is developing a growing network of trade agreements in the framework of a Great Eurasian Partnership, it faces difficulties in establishing a formal dialogue with a neighboring integration formation – the European Union (EU). In this article we propose to analyze political causes of such “non-recognition”, conditioned by the context of political tensions between Russia and the EU countries and by the perception of the EAEU as a tool for promotion of an integration model, alternative to the European one. The article offers recommendations to enhance the dialogue between the two integration unions, oriented at strengthening of objective economic prerequisites for EU ‒ EAEU cooperation, as well as at the formation of the EAEU identity, separate from the identities of its member-states.

scholarly journals Comparison of Operational Subsidies on Less Favoured Areas in EU Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Lososová ◽  
Jaroslav Svoboda ◽  
Radek Zdeněk
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Eu

This article is aimed at an analysis of operational subsidies on the Less Favoured Areas (LFA) in the European Union countries. With the help of cluster analysis, the EU countries were divided into groups and, using correlation and regression analyses, the relations between defined indicators were evaluate. The indicators of FADN EU related to the cultivated land area were completed with relative indicators. Some differences were proved in subsidy effectiveness between particular groups of the countries. The amount of operational subsidies only has a positive impact on subsidised costs in the mountain LFAs. Worse productive and climate conditions increase the dependence of the output on subsidies related to cost effectiveness. No dependence of the output share of subsidies and the subsidised costs was proven in all groups.

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