scholarly journals Czech foreign agricultural trade after joining the European Union

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bašek ◽  
J. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Eu

The objective of the paper is to assess how the Czech agricultural sector has withstood keen competition in the EU single market as measured by the basic indicators of foreign trade exchange. The impacts expressed by the indicators of active and/or adverse balance of trade were monitored for the post-accession period (the average of the years 2005–2007) in comparison with the pre-accession period (the average of the years 2001–2003). The assessment of the impacts of the accession to the EU is based on an analysis of the commodity and territorial structure of Czech agricultural foreign trade. The comparison of agricultural balance before and after the accession to the EU for our major trading partners shows that the active balance of the CR with Slovakia increased to 12.0 billion CZK per year; on the contrary, in relation to Poland, the trade deficit of 6.4 billion CZK per year was recorded while Germany strengthened its position in relation to the CR by an increase in the negative balance to 5.4 billion CZK and in relation to Austria, our adverse balance is maintained at the level of 1.1 to 1.2 billion CZK per year for a long time. After the accession to the EU, it was confirmed that the former EU 15 countries took a greater advantage of the customs union enlargement in the framework of the EU 27.

scholarly journals Comparative advantages of the Czech agrarian foreign trade in relation to the EU and third countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-378
Author(s):  
Miroslav Svatoš ◽  
Luboš Smutka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Eu

The Czech agrarian trade represents a variable which has been developing in a very dynamic manner over time. In the time period of 2000–2010 alone, the value of its turnover grew up from about USD 2.7 billion to about USD 11.4 billion. In the course of time, the Czech agrarian foreign trade has gradually adjusted its territorial as well as commodity structure. As regards the importance of trading partners, Member States of the European Union have unequivocally come to the fore. Accession of CR to the EU has also left its marks on the existing form of the commodity structure of realized exports and imports alike, while especially the export structure has still been shaping in a significant manner. The paper deals with issues related to development of the Czech agrarian foreign trade with the aim to identify its comparative advantages in the area of the commodity and territorial structure both in relation to the global market (the market of third countries outside the EU) and in relation to the EU27 countries. Following are the outcomes of the paper conclusions. Although the Czech agrarian trade as the whole does not have any comparative advantages both with respect to the market of the EU27 countries and with respect to third countries (the global market), its individual aggregations are able to win through and gain comparative advantages, especially with respect to individual Member States of the EU. In this respect, it is worth mentioning that in 2010, 190 (i.e. nearly one half) out of 390 studied export flows realized to 26 Member States of the EU were competitive. The comparative advantages are more or less evenly distributed among the new and old Member States of the EU. As regards third countries, it may be stated that the Czech agrarian export has comparative advantages only to a significantly limited scope.

scholarly journals Development of agricultural foreign trade in the countries of Central Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Svatoš ◽  
L. Smutka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

This paper analyses the development of agricultural foreign trade in Austria, Hungary and the Czech Republic with the aim of uncovering the changes that have impacted the Central European agricultural trade over the ten year period (1999–2008). It issues from the results of the analysis of agricultural trade in the aforementioned countries, which has changed dramatically in terms of the commodity structure, the territorial structure and primarily the value structure. The main changes to have caused most of the changes to the individual characteristics of agricultural foreign trade in the particular countries under analysis are the process of the EU enlargementy, the adoption of obligations to ensue from the EU membership and the concentration in the internal market of the EU countries. We can see the actual changes in the commodity and territorial structure of the trade carried out in the individual countries under analysis. The changes which have occurred resulted in a dominant share of the member countries of the EU 27 in the agricultural trade of the individual countries under analysis.

scholarly journals Znaczenie wymiany bilateralnej w handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE i USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Karolina Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
American Agriculture ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the paper was to assess the importance of the bilateral turnover to the EU and the US foreign trade in agri-food products in 2001-2016, as well as to define the possibilities of its development after signing the TTIP Agreement. The research is based on the data from the ComExt Database in the resources of the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service's Global Agricultural Trade System. It was proved that in 2001-2016 the EU and the US were important trade partners for each other, but the value of bilateral trade in agri-food products remained relatively small, largely due to low complementarity of the Polish and American agriculture and the resulting minor demand for agricultural products from the temperate zone in the US. These products are made in the US, usually at a lower cost, and they are the export surplus of this country. The way to intensify the EU-US bilateral trade may be to develop a transatlantic free trade area, resulting in a strong effect of trade creation between the TTIP parties, with a limited impact on the relationship with other trading partners.

scholarly journals Changes in the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness – different groups of partners’ specifics  

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smutka Luboš ◽  
Maitah Mansoor ◽  
Svatoš Miroslav
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Market ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Merchandise Trade

The territorial and commodity structure of the Czech agrarian foreign trade underwent significant changes over the last fifteen years. These changes affected not only the structure, but also the value, volume, unit prices and competitiveness. The presented paper provides the basic overview of the individual significant changes. The main goal of the paper is to specify changes in the area of the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness. This competitiveness is analysed not only in relation to global markets, but it is also analysed in relation to different groups of countries. Differences in competiveness are analysed in relation to the European Union (EU 28), the Commonwealth of Independent Countries, other European countries, the OECD members, and developing countries. In addition, competitiveness is also analysed in two specific dimensions. The agricultural market represents a very specific entity. However, the global merchandise trade is becoming more and more liberalized internationally and the regional agricultural markets are still being affected by a significant protectionism. The individual countries and certain clusters of countries are applying an intensive agricultural market protection. The result of these policies is a distortion of the agricultural trade. This distortion is also affecting the individual countries mutual competitiveness. While one country could be competitive in relation to one partner, in relation to other partner, the competitiveness could be limited. The paper clarifies and analyses the differences that exist in the competitiveness of the Czech agrarian trade in relation to the above mentioned groups of countries. The analysis is conducted utilizing the symmetric revealed comparative advantage index and the Lafay index, the Trade Balance index and the product mapping. The Czech agrarian trade territorial structure has become more concentrated, the commodity structure became more diversified. Czech trade is quite competitive especially in relation to the European countries, the competitiveness in relation to other territories is limited. The significant weakness of the Czech agrarian trade is its low ability to generate added value.  

scholarly journals A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiás Maté Balogh ◽  
Nuno Carlos Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) is one of the biggest traders of agricultural products. In 2017, extra-EU agricultural trade accounted for 7.4% of the total EU international trade. Furthermore, Europe is the main destination for agricultural goods arriving from African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) trading partners. The paper analyses the effect of geographical proximity, cultural similarity, free trade agreements on bilateral agricultural trade as well as intra-industry trade between EU member states and its trading partners (intra and extra EU trade), employing gravity model for a period of 1996–2017. Regression results suggest that EU countries export more agricultural products to their common markets. In addition, the export costs of agricultural products are lower if the EU and its external trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both have regional trade agreements. We found a moderate intra-industry trade between the EU and ACP countries at 18%. The results indicate rather inter-industry trade between EU and non-EU members, with a lower index level for ACP countries. A higher positive impact is revealed on the agricultural import between ACP-EU countries than export.

scholarly journals Hungarian total foreign trade after the change of regime

2008 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Visegrád Countries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Total Foreign Trade

Hungary’s total foreign trade has changed a lot since the change of regime. Several factors played a role in this process. The collapse of COMECOM, set of the world economy, WTOagreement, Agreement of Accession and CEFTA-agreement and accession to the EU affected this situation. After the change of regime Hungary had to react rapidly to these new events: one of the most goals was to find new markets. Hungary’s total foreign trade balance is negative but this deficit has declined after EUaccession. The foreign trade in agriculture has realised positive balance for a long time. This balance is declining after 2004, in spite of that the agricultural export grows, but the import grows more dynamically.Share of the Visegrad countries – join at the same time to the European Union as Hungary – from Hungarian agriculture exports gets higher, especially in the case of Poland.Hungary’s trading partners of exports and imports are stabile and they come from old Member States. One hand is positive, but the other hand is not acceptable. It is important to get markets, because we strongly depend on Europe.The situation of Hungary’s external trade is determined by the future of CAP and WTO Doha Round (reducing of agricultural customs, ceasing of export subvention system and etc.).Hungary can keep in competition, if it extends its competitiveness, diminishes of costs, and improves of quality, logistic and marketing.

scholarly journals CLUSTERING OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitalii Dankevych ◽  
Yevgen Dankevych ◽  
Petro Pyvovar
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Ward Method ◽  
The Eu

The relevance of this study is determined by the necessity to refocus the foreign trade policy of Ukraine and to adjust the agricultural sector of economy to the conjunctural changes on the world agricultural markets. At present, the structure of the foreign trade of Ukraine is changing drastically taking into account economic, social and political circumstances. How can one identify potential partners and single out those that are the most economically feasible for a long-term cooperation? This is one of the most topical issues of the development of the foreign economic activity. The purpose of the article is to identify the main trade partners of agricultural products between Ukraine and the EU. Using the k-means method and the Ward-method, clustering of the trade partners of the EU member countries and Ukraine is carried out. Three cluster groups are singled out and the main factors that have impact on these groups are described.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Alexander Gocht ◽  
Nicola Consmüller ◽  
Ferike Thom ◽  
Harald Grethe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Eu

Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.

scholarly journals Entry Into the Common Market of the European Union in Terms of Czech Republic’s Foreign Trade with Dairy Products

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Zdráhal ◽  
Věra Bečvářová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the development of the Czech foreign trade in milk and milk products and specify the typical features and consequences within its territorial and commodity structure using a specific system of indicators intended to show a relevant image on the topic. The analysis covers the period between 1999 and 2015 and are interpreted in the context of changes of the business environment that have occurred in the last two decades, particularly in relation to the Czech Republic’s entry into the European Union. Throughout the studied period, the Czech Republic revealed a positive balance of trade in milk and dairy products, as well as favourable values of TC index (value of coverage of import by export). The dynamics of the territorial structure of export and import is embodied in the overall trade dynamics between the Czech Republic and countries of EU-28. The Czech Republic’s entry into the EU common market, however, led to a change in the trading milk product structure. As a negative is regarded the fact that the structure of Czech export to the EU countries has changed and that is mainly concentrated on basic raw milk or dairy products of the first phase of processing with relatively low added value.

scholarly journals What Happened to Transitional Justice in Croatia After the EU Accession?

Politologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-51
Author(s):  
Lina Strupinskienė ◽  
Simona Vaškevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

This paper proposes to see Croatia’s becoming a member state of the European Union in 2013 as a particular critical juncture that created uncertainty over the type of decisions the government would take in the field of transitional justice once international pressure had stopped. It compares the period before and after the accession by looking into the three elements of transitional justice policy that were given priority by the EU conditionality framework – fighting impunity for war crimes, fostering reconciliation and respect for and protection of minority rights. It finds that all three have deteriorated in the post-accession period. On the one hand, the findings illustrate the power of international pressure, but on the other hand, they question the overall effectiveness of the conditionality policy, as it seems to not have affected deeper societal issues at stake and has not resulted in true transformation.

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