scholarly journals Cold hardiness of peach flowers at different phenological stages

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
László Szalay ◽  
Imre Gergő Gyökös ◽  
Zsuzsanna Békefi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Delayed Development ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

At the colder peach production regions it is important to know the cold hardiness of peach cultivars at different phenological stages of flowering. In our experiment, artificial freezing tests were conducted in a climate chamber in five selected years between the period of 2007 and 2016 to determine the freeze tolerance of generative organs of three peach cultivars (‘Venus’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Piroska’) at different phenological stages of bloom. Based on the results of the laboratory freezing tests LT<sub>50</sub> values were calculated. Our results showed that LT<sub>50</sub> values of examined peach cultivars in swelled bud stage averaged over five years were between –6.8 and –11.2°C according to cultivar, and as phenological phases progressed, cold hardiness of generative organs decreased. At the end of bloom LT<sub>50</sub> values varied between –1.7 and –4.1°C. Cultivar ‘Piroska’ had the highest freeze tolerance and cultivar ‘Venus’ showed the lowest in each year studied. This study shows that trees with delayed development are more prone to cold damage to flowers.  

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of peach flowers at different phenological stages

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Szalay László ◽  
Gyökös Imre Gergő ◽  
Békefi Zsuzsanna
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Delayed Development ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

At the colder peach production regions it is important to know the cold hardiness of peach cultivars at different phenological stages of flowering. In our experiment, artificial freezing tests were conducted in a climate chamber in five selected years between the period of 2007 and 2016 to determine the freeze tolerance of generative organs of three peach cultivars (‘Venus’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Piroska’) at different phenological stages of bloom. Based on the results of the laboratory freezing tests LT<sub>50</sub> values were calculated. Our results showed that LT<sub>50</sub> values of examined peach cultivars in swelled bud stage averaged over five years were between –6.8 and –11.2°C according to cultivar, and as phenological phases progressed, cold hardiness of generative organs decreased. At the end of bloom LT<sub>50</sub> values varied between –1.7 and –4.1°C. Cultivar ‘Piroska’ had the highest freeze tolerance and cultivar ‘Venus’ showed the lowest in each year studied. This study shows that trees with delayed development are more prone to cold damage to flowers.

scholarly journals Resistance of generative organs of sweet cherry to spring frosts after artificial freezing

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Z. E. Ozherelieva ◽  
A. A. Gulyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

Aim. The purpose of this research was to study the sustainability of Institute bred sweet cherry cultivars to spring frosts during flowering by the method of artificial freezing and to identify resistant cultivars.Material and Methods. Seven Institute bred sweet cherry cultivars were studied: 'Adelina', "Malysh", "Orlovskaya Rozovaya", "Orlovskaya Feya", "Podarok Orlu", "Siyana" and "Trosnyanskaya". Spring frosts were simulated in an "Espec" PSL-2KPH climate chamber in early May at -1°, -2°, -3° and -4°C. At each temperature regime, 100 pcs of flowers and buds of each cultivar were taken in 3-fold repetition. Temperature was lowered at the rate of 1°C per hour. The duration of exposure to negative temperatures was 3 hours.Results. Damage to the stamens and pistils was assessed by the darkening of the tissues. In buds and blooming flowers after frosts, the pistils were first damaged but the stamens were not. Resistance to spring frosts decreased with the phenological development of the cherry's generative organs. The beginning of damage to the flowers as a result of the artificial freezing was noted at a temperature of -1°C. At the same time, the high stability of cherry buds was noted. Modeling frosts of -2°...-4°C increased the number of dead flowers and buds. The resistance of sweet cherries to spring frosts was found to depend on the genotype and stage of development of reproductive organs. A different sum of active temperatures for the beginning of flowering and ovary formation was noted, indicating the onset of phenological phases in which generative organs are susceptible to spring frosts.Conclusion. The experiment made it possible to distinguish a medium-resistant cultivar "Malysh" which was resistant to spring frosts. Weakly stable genotypes were "Orlovskaya Rozovaya", "Orlovskaya Feya", "Trosnyanskaya" and "Siyana". Unstable cultivars were "Adelina", and "Podarok Orlu". During the formation of the ovary, the greatest potential for resistance to spring frosts was shown by "Podarok Orlu".

Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512e-512
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

scholarly journals Basal temperature and thermal sum in phenological phases of nectarine and peach cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1588-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Sarita Leonel ◽  
Andréa Carvalho da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Degree Days ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Thermal Sum ◽  
Phenological Phases

The objective of this work was to evaluate basal temperature, thermal sum at different phenological stages, phenological phase duration, yield and seasonality of one nectarine and 14 peach cultivars, between 2006 and 2009. The considered phenological phases were: pruning-sprouting; sprouting-flowering, from swollen bud to open flower; flowering-fruiting, from petal fall to medium-sized fruit; and ripening. Minimum basal temperatures (Tb) obtained were: pruning-sprouting, 8°C, irrespective of the cultivars; sprouting-flowering, 10°C, except for 'Cascata 968', which required 8°C Tb; flowering-fruiting, 12°C, except for 'Oro Azteca', which required 14°C Tb; ripening, 14°C, except for 'Sunblaze', 'Diamante Mejorado' and 'Precocinho' with 12°C Tb. For most cultivars, the maximum basal temperatures were 30, 34, 34 and 28ºC for phases pruning-sprouting, sprouting-flowering, flowering-fruiting and ripening, respectively. 'Turmalina', 'Marli' and 'Tropic Beauty' showed average yields of 3,945.0, 3,969.3 and 3,954.0 kg ha-1, respectively, in 2009, while the nectarine 'Sunblaze' showed around 3,900 kg ha-1 in 2008 and 2009. The cultivars differed for their total cycle and for the accumulated thermal sums which varied, respectively, from 245 days and 1,881.4 degree-days for 'Oro Azteca', to144 days and 1,455.7 degree-days for 'Precocinho'.

scholarly journals Woody species do not differ in dormancy progression: differences in time to budbreak due to forcing and cold hardiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al Kovaleski
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Phenological Phases

AbstractBudbreak is one of the most observed and studied phenological phases in perennial plants. Two dimensions of exposure to temperature are generally used to model budbreak: accumulation of time spent at low temperatures (chilling); and accumulation of heat units (forcing). These two effects have a well-established negative correlation: the more chilling, the less forcing required for budbreak. Furthermore, temperate plant species are assumed to vary in amount of chilling required to complete endodormancy and begin the transition to breaking bud. Still, prediction of budbreak remains a challenge. The present work demonstrates across a wide range of species how bud cold hardiness must be accounted for to study dormancy and accurately predict time to budbreak. Cold hardiness defines the path length to budbreak, meaning the difference between the cold hardiness buds attain during the winter, and the cold hardiness at which deacclimated buds are predicted to open. This distance varies among species and throughout winter within a species. Increases in rate of cold hardiness loss (deacclimation) measured throughout winter show that chilling controls deacclimation potential – the proportion of the maximum rate response attained at high chill accumulation – which has a sigmoid relationship to chilling accumulation. For forcing, rates of deacclimation increase non-linearly in response to temperature. Comparisons of deacclimation potential show a dormancy progresses similarly for all species. This observation suggests that comparisons of physiologic and genetic control of dormancy requires an understanding of cold hardiness dynamics and the necessity for an update of the framework for studying dormancy and its effects on spring phenology.

scholarly journals The need for the vernalization duration of soft winter wheat collection samples

2022 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
K. K. Musinov ◽  
V. E. Kozlov ◽  
A. S. Surnachev ◽  
I. E. Likhenko
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Tube Emergence ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Period Duration ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent effect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs. The vernalization requirements of winter soft wheat samples of different geographical origins are determined. An assessment of the vernalization period duration influence on the severity of the elements of the yield structure is given. The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, flowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out. With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to flowering was noted. The influence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Significant differences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.

scholarly journals Variation of Thermal Time, Phyllochron and Plastochron in Passion Fruit Plants With Irrigation Depth and Hydrogel

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Adailza G. Cavalcante ◽  
Lourival F. Cavalcante ◽  
Alian C. P. Cavalcante ◽  
Antônio G. de L. Souto ◽  
Carlos E. M. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Phenological Phases

The passion fruit demands water for its growth and production. Water management is relevant in regions characterized by low rainfall indices, such as semi-arid regions. In this direction, the use of hydrogel in the soil allows the water that is supplied through irrigation to be better utilized by the plants, reducing leach losses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of hydrogel in soil cultivated with passion fruit and irrigated to various water depths on the thermal time of the phenological stages, phyllochron and plastochron of the plants. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, referring to the soil without and with hydrogel and raising the irrigation depth from 60% to 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration in four replications. The thermal requirements of the phenological phases and of the whole plant cycle, phyllochron of the main stem and the productive branches, and plastochron were evaluated. Increasing the irrigation depth from 60% to 100% reduced the total thermal time values from 3,811.8 to 2,401.3 °C day and from 3,707.8 to 2,628.7 °C day in the soil without and with hydrogel, respectively. The thermal time of the phenological phases and the phyllochron of the main stem and productive branches of the passion fruit were stimulated by an increase in irrigation depth.

scholarly journals Strawberry yield when using temporary shelter for plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
B. M. Mazur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Mulch Film ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

The influence of a temporary shelter for plants of strawberry ‘Klerі’ was investigated. It was found that the use of black mulch film on the ridges accelerates the passage of phenological phases. Covering strawberry plants with film and white agrofibre allows you to get ripe berries 10-14 days earlier than with conventional cultivation. Studies have shown that the shelter of strawberry plants with agrofibre and film in the autumn allows plantings to better establish generative organs. Shelter with these materials protects the plants from spring frost during flowering and from rains during the ripening period. Temporary shelter of strawberry plants has a positive effect on the yield and marketability of strawberries and the economic efficiency as a result. So, for strawberries ‘Kleri’, the best option is tunnel cover with a film in the technology on ridges. This possible to obtain a yield 37.9 t/ha with 71% of the first grade berries. The use of agrofibre in the technology on the ridges possible to obtain a yield of 29.5 t/ha with 65% of the first grade berries.

scholarly journals Effect of Floricane Number in `Marion' Trailing Blackberry. I. Primocane Growth and Cold Hardiness

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Cortell ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Controlled Freezing

In Spring 1993 and 1994, mature trailing `Marion' blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes/plant. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane topping and pruning was included. Primocane length was measured from emergence in April until growth cessation at the end of October on individual canes and for the whole plant. In January 1994 and 1995, cane cold hardiness was evaluated by controlled freezing. In 1993, plants without floricanes produced more primocanes and branches with an increased total length at the end of the season than plants with floricanes. However, there were no significant differences in primocane length among treatments in 1994. In all treatments, the absolute growth rate (AGR), on a length basis, of primocanes occurred in flushes of rapid growth followed by slower growth throughout the season. Plants without floricanes had a significantly greater AGR than plants with floricanes on five dates in 1993. In 1994, there was no effect of floricane number per plant on AGR of primocanes over the season and the growth peaks were not as distinct. When comparing primocane elongation rate at three phenological stages in 1993, plants with no floricanes had a significantly higher total primocane growth per day during fruit production and from harvest to length cessation. The following year, plants with no floricanes had the highest rate of growth before bloom and a trend toward greater growth during fruit production. After fruit production, there were no differences in AGR between the treatments. Plants with floricanes produced a second flush of primocanes, while plants with no floricanes produced only one flush of primocanes. Primocane length of the first flush (averaged for 4-, 8-, and 12-floricane plants) was significantly different from the second flush at all dates during the season except for the final end of season measurement date. Primocanes pruned at 30 cm did not produce significantly more branches than unpruned primocanes on plants without floricanes. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that were significantly more cold hardy (lower LT50) in 1994 and 1995 than plants with floricanes.

scholarly journals 280 Botryosphaeria dothidea Causes Premature Breaking of Endodormancy and Reduces Cold Hardiness in Cercis canadensis

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 490E-490
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
K.A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Artificial Freezing

Near-lethal abiotic stresses, e.g., low or high temperatures, chemicals, etc., can break endodormancy prematurely and reduce cold hardiness in woody plants. It is not well-ducumented whether biotic stresses can cause the same effect. Botryosphaeria dothidea causes canker in redbud (Cercis canadensis) and many other woody plants and is one of the most limiting factors growing redbud in the landscape. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in a nursery in May 1998 at The Morton Arboretum. Trees were inoculated (n = 10/treatment) with the fungus in Sept. 1998 using the stem slit method (a slit was cut about 5 cm above the base of the trunk and the wound was covered with parafilm after treatment). The treatments were T1 = control (PDA, Potato Dextrose Agar),T2 = 1-mm mycelium plug, T3 = low spore suspension (25 μL), T4 = high spore suspension (25 μL). Stem cold hardiness was evaluated by artificial freezing tests in Nov. 1998. The mean LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues is killed) from ion leakage were T1 (Control) = -29.3 °C, T2 (mycelium): -24.05 °C, T3 (low spore) = -18.75 °C, and T4 (high) = -16.4 °C. T3 and T4, the low- and high-spore inoculation, significantly reduced cold hardiness in redbud stem tissues. The LST (lowest survival temperature) based on visual observation of the samples after 7 days indicated all Botryosphaeria dothidea-treated plants had lower cold hardiness compared to control. Endodormancy was broken in B. dothidea-treated plants after placing plants under 16 h of light and 23 /18 °C day/night temperature for 1 month after the treatment. The highest percent budbrealk was for T4 (high spore), followed by T3 (Low Spore) and T2 (Mycelium).

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