scholarly journals Variation of Thermal Time, Phyllochron and Plastochron in Passion Fruit Plants With Irrigation Depth and Hydrogel

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Adailza G. Cavalcante ◽  
Lourival F. Cavalcante ◽  
Alian C. P. Cavalcante ◽  
Antônio G. de L. Souto ◽  
Carlos E. M. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Phenological Phases

The passion fruit demands water for its growth and production. Water management is relevant in regions characterized by low rainfall indices, such as semi-arid regions. In this direction, the use of hydrogel in the soil allows the water that is supplied through irrigation to be better utilized by the plants, reducing leach losses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of hydrogel in soil cultivated with passion fruit and irrigated to various water depths on the thermal time of the phenological stages, phyllochron and plastochron of the plants. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, referring to the soil without and with hydrogel and raising the irrigation depth from 60% to 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration in four replications. The thermal requirements of the phenological phases and of the whole plant cycle, phyllochron of the main stem and the productive branches, and plastochron were evaluated. Increasing the irrigation depth from 60% to 100% reduced the total thermal time values from 3,811.8 to 2,401.3 °C day and from 3,707.8 to 2,628.7 °C day in the soil without and with hydrogel, respectively. The thermal time of the phenological phases and the phyllochron of the main stem and productive branches of the passion fruit were stimulated by an increase in irrigation depth.

scholarly journals Basal temperature and thermal sum in phenological phases of nectarine and peach cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1588-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Sarita Leonel ◽  
Andréa Carvalho da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Degree Days ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Thermal Sum ◽  
Phenological Phases

The objective of this work was to evaluate basal temperature, thermal sum at different phenological stages, phenological phase duration, yield and seasonality of one nectarine and 14 peach cultivars, between 2006 and 2009. The considered phenological phases were: pruning-sprouting; sprouting-flowering, from swollen bud to open flower; flowering-fruiting, from petal fall to medium-sized fruit; and ripening. Minimum basal temperatures (Tb) obtained were: pruning-sprouting, 8°C, irrespective of the cultivars; sprouting-flowering, 10°C, except for 'Cascata 968', which required 8°C Tb; flowering-fruiting, 12°C, except for 'Oro Azteca', which required 14°C Tb; ripening, 14°C, except for 'Sunblaze', 'Diamante Mejorado' and 'Precocinho' with 12°C Tb. For most cultivars, the maximum basal temperatures were 30, 34, 34 and 28ºC for phases pruning-sprouting, sprouting-flowering, flowering-fruiting and ripening, respectively. 'Turmalina', 'Marli' and 'Tropic Beauty' showed average yields of 3,945.0, 3,969.3 and 3,954.0 kg ha-1, respectively, in 2009, while the nectarine 'Sunblaze' showed around 3,900 kg ha-1 in 2008 and 2009. The cultivars differed for their total cycle and for the accumulated thermal sums which varied, respectively, from 245 days and 1,881.4 degree-days for 'Oro Azteca', to144 days and 1,455.7 degree-days for 'Precocinho'.

Endothia eugeniae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Airborne Conidia ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract A description is provided for Endothia eugeniae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Eugenia caryophyllus. DISEASE: Acute dieback of clove, Cryprosporella dieback of clove. Symptoms usually include a progressive dieback of branches, leading to the main stem so as to produce a 'stag-headed' condition or even the death of the whole tree. If infection occurs near the base of the stem of young trees the whole plant will die suddenly with the leaves brown but still adhering to the branches. Affected wood is sharply demarcated from healthy tissues by a dark, reddish-brown stain, there is profuse production of gum in the wood and the vessels are occluded by tyloses (32, 508). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar, Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed airborne conidia produced in pycnidia which appear around the point of infection. Perithecia are found on infected tissues at a later stage of the disease and there is no doubt that airborne ascospores also contribute to spread of the disease. The fungus enters the host through wounds in the stem, generally caused by harvesting or pruning. Root infection through wounds can also occur (32, 508).

scholarly journals Climate and Phenology: Behavior of Autochthonous Italian Grapevine Varieties in the Uplands of Southern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Isabel Malinovski ◽  
Hamilton Justino Vieira ◽  
Claudia Guimarães Camargo Campos ◽  
Marco Stefanini ◽  
Aparecido Lima da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Weather Station ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Phenological Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Region Ii ◽  
Cool Night

<p>The present study aimed to characterize the mesoclimate of the municipality of Água Doce, Brazil, and its influence on the phenological development and thermal requirements of autochthonous Italian varieties (<em>Vitis vinifera</em> L). The climate data were provided by a local automatic weather station. The principal phenological stages of red varieties (Aglianico, Ancellotta, Lambrusco, Malvasia Nera, Negroamaro, Nero d’Avola, Primitivo, Sangiovese, and Rebo) and white varieties (Fiano, Garganega and Vermentino) are analyzed. Results show that the mean temperature measured during the phenological cycles from September to April were higher than the climatological average (1961 to 2012). According to the Winkler, Huglin, and Cool Night bioclimatic indexes, the region is classified as “Region II”, cold and with cool nights, respectively. The average heat summation for the phenological cycles of the varieties was 1740 GDD (205 days, 2009-2010), 1463 GDD (187 days, 2010-2011), and 1408 GDD (176 days, 2011-2012). The Lambrusco variety presented the longest phenological cycle (203 days), while Garganega presented the shortest one (178 days). The lower temperatures of Água Doce, when compared to those in other regions where the varieties are traditionally produced, determine longer growing cycles and a shift in the timing of the phenological stages.</p>

Modeling germination of smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis L.) seeds from rice fields in California across suboptimal temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael M. Pedroso ◽  
Durval Dourado Neto ◽  
Ricardo Victoria Filho ◽  
Albert J. Fischer ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Thermal Time Model

AbstractSmallflower umbrella sedge is a prolific C3 weed commonly found in rice fields in 47 countries. The increasing infestation of herbicide-resistant smallflower umbrella sedge populations threatens rice production. Our objectives for this study were to characterize thermal requirements for germination of smallflower umbrella sedge seeds from rice fields in California and to parameterize a population thermal-time model for smallflower umbrella sedge germination. Because the use of modeling techniques is hampered by the lack of thermal-time model parameters for smallflower umbrella sedge seed germination, trials were carried out by placing field-collected seeds in a thermogradient table set at constant temperatures of 11.7 to 41.7 C. Germination was assessed daily for 30 d, and the whole experiment was repeated a month later. Using probit regression analysis, thermal time to median germination [θT(50)], base temperature for germination (Tb), and SD of thermal times for germination [σθT(50)] were estimated from germination data, and model parameters were derived using the Solver tool in Microsoft Excel®. Germination rates increased linearly below the estimated optimum temperatures of 33.5 to 36 C. Estimated Tb averaged 16.7 C, whereas θT(50) equaled 17.1 degree-days and σθT(50) was only 0.1 degree-day. The estimated Tb for smallflower umbrella sedge is remarkably higher than that of japonica and indica types of rice, as well as Tb of important weeds in the Echinochloa complex. Relative to the latter, smallflower umbrella sedge has lower thermal-time requirements to germination and greater germination synchronicity. However, it would also initiate germination much later because of its higher Tb, given low soil temperatures early in the rice growing season in California. When integrated into weed growth models, these results might help optimize the timing and efficacy of smallflower umbrella sedge control measures.

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of peach flowers at different phenological stages

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
László Szalay ◽  
Imre Gergő Gyökös ◽  
Zsuzsanna Békefi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Delayed Development ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
Generative Organs

At the colder peach production regions it is important to know the cold hardiness of peach cultivars at different phenological stages of flowering. In our experiment, artificial freezing tests were conducted in a climate chamber in five selected years between the period of 2007 and 2016 to determine the freeze tolerance of generative organs of three peach cultivars (‘Venus’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Piroska’) at different phenological stages of bloom. Based on the results of the laboratory freezing tests LT<sub>50</sub> values were calculated. Our results showed that LT<sub>50</sub> values of examined peach cultivars in swelled bud stage averaged over five years were between –6.8 and –11.2°C according to cultivar, and as phenological phases progressed, cold hardiness of generative organs decreased. At the end of bloom LT<sub>50</sub> values varied between –1.7 and –4.1°C. Cultivar ‘Piroska’ had the highest freeze tolerance and cultivar ‘Venus’ showed the lowest in each year studied. This study shows that trees with delayed development are more prone to cold damage to flowers.  

ÍNDICE DE SATISFAÇÃO DAS DEMANDAS DE ÁGUA E PRODUTIVIDADE DO FEIJÃO EM DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM COLATINA - ES

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Ramon Amaro de Sales ◽  
Clodoaldo Spadeto Ambrozim ◽  
Robson Prucoli Posse ◽  
Evandro Chaves de Oliveira ◽  
Sheila Prucoli Posse
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Phenological Phases

Um dos fatores que pode afetar a produtividade do feijoeiro é a razão da evapotranspiração real  e a evapotranspiração da cultura, o qual indica a real quantidade de água que a planta consome em relação à quantidade de água máxima que a planta consumiria, também representada como Índice de Satisfação das Necessidades de Água. Com objetivo de determinar este índice para o feijoeiro, em seus respectivos estágios de desenvolvimento, visando melhorar o manejo de irrigação, ajustando-se à melhor lâmina de irrigação, bem como a máxima produtividade, foram analisadas as cultivares Majestoso e Valente, na região de Colatina-ES, durante o período de 12/07/2012 a 10/10/2012. Uma maior produtividade foi observada em função do aumento dos valores do Índice de Satisfação. A resposta foi a uma função quadrática, havendo um ponto a partir do qual a diminuição dos valores de ISNA reduz a produtividade das cultivares, à medida que reduz a lâmina de irrigação. O cultivar Majestoso apresentou maior tolerância à deficiência hídrica em relação a cultivar Valente, nas condições edafoclimáticas de Colatina/ES.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fases fenológicas, evapotranspiração, deficiência hídrica. SATISFACTION INDEX OF WATER AND PRODUCTIVITY DEMANDS ON BEANS ON DIFFERENT IRRIGATION DEPTHS IN COLATINA – ESABSTRACT: One of the factors that can affect bean productivity is the ratio of actual evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration, which indicates the actual amount of water that the plant consumes in relation to the maximum amount of water the plant would consume, also represented as Index Of Water Needs Satisfaction. In order to determine this index for bean, in the respective stages of development, in order to improve irrigation management, adjusting to the best irrigation depth, as well as the maximum productivity, the cultivars Majestoso and Valente in de region of Colatina-ES, during the period from 07/07/2012 to 10/10/2012. Higher productivity was observed as a result of the increase in the Water Need Satisfaction Index, in which, as soil water deficit levels increased with the imposition of irrigation blades away from the sprinkler, ISNA presented lower values and consequently, its productivity, being noticed in the ISNA values below 0.83. The cultivar Majestoso presented greater tolerance to the water deficit in relation to Valente cultivar, in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Colatina-ES.KEYWORDS: phenological phases, evapotranspiration, water deficiency.

Effect of damaging main stem terminals at various stages of flowering, on yield of cotton in south-east Queensland

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Bishop ◽  
RE Day ◽  
PRB Blood ◽  
JP Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Fruit Formation

Damage by the cotton tipworm, Crocidosema plebeiana Zeller, was simulated in field trials by the removal of terminal buds (tipping) at different phenological stages coinciding with tipworm presence on cotton grown in south-eastern Queensland. The effect of this damage was considered in relation to the induced changes in crop morphology, fruit production, yield and harvestability of cotton grown under field conditions. No significant differences in fruit formation and yield were established. There were significant delays in times to 50 per cent flowering and boll opening in plants tipped before squaring had commenced. Changes in the location of monopodial branches arising from the main stem were induced in plants tipped pre-squaring but this did not significantly affect the harvestability.

scholarly journals Effect of Floricane Number in `Marion' Trailing Blackberry. I. Primocane Growth and Cold Hardiness

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Cortell ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Controlled Freezing

In Spring 1993 and 1994, mature trailing `Marion' blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes/plant. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane topping and pruning was included. Primocane length was measured from emergence in April until growth cessation at the end of October on individual canes and for the whole plant. In January 1994 and 1995, cane cold hardiness was evaluated by controlled freezing. In 1993, plants without floricanes produced more primocanes and branches with an increased total length at the end of the season than plants with floricanes. However, there were no significant differences in primocane length among treatments in 1994. In all treatments, the absolute growth rate (AGR), on a length basis, of primocanes occurred in flushes of rapid growth followed by slower growth throughout the season. Plants without floricanes had a significantly greater AGR than plants with floricanes on five dates in 1993. In 1994, there was no effect of floricane number per plant on AGR of primocanes over the season and the growth peaks were not as distinct. When comparing primocane elongation rate at three phenological stages in 1993, plants with no floricanes had a significantly higher total primocane growth per day during fruit production and from harvest to length cessation. The following year, plants with no floricanes had the highest rate of growth before bloom and a trend toward greater growth during fruit production. After fruit production, there were no differences in AGR between the treatments. Plants with floricanes produced a second flush of primocanes, while plants with no floricanes produced only one flush of primocanes. Primocane length of the first flush (averaged for 4-, 8-, and 12-floricane plants) was significantly different from the second flush at all dates during the season except for the final end of season measurement date. Primocanes pruned at 30 cm did not produce significantly more branches than unpruned primocanes on plants without floricanes. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that were significantly more cold hardy (lower LT50) in 1994 and 1995 than plants with floricanes.

scholarly journals Capturing and Selecting Senescence Variation in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Chapman ◽  
Simon Orford ◽  
Jacob Lage ◽  
Simon Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Singular Metrics ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Plant Process

AbstractSenescence is a highly quantitative trait, but in wheat the genetics underpinning senescence regulation remain relatively unknown. To select senescence variation, and ultimately identify novel genetic regulators, accurate characterisation of senescence phenotypes is essential. When investigating senescence, phenotyping efforts often focus on, or are limited to, visual assessment of the flag leaves. However, senescence is a whole plant process, involving remobilisation and translocation of resources into the developing grain. Furthermore, the temporal progression of senescence poses challenges regarding trait quantification and description, whereupon the different models and approaches applied result in varying definitions of apparently similar metrics.To gain a holistic understanding of senescence we phenotyped flag leaf and peduncle senescence progression, alongside grain maturation. Reviewing the literature, we identified techniques commonly applied in quantification of senescence variation and developed simple methods to calculate descriptive and discriminatory metrics. To capture senescence dynamism, we developed the idea of calculating thermal time to different flag leaf senescence scores, for which between year Spearman’s rank correlations of r ≥ 0.59, P < 4.7 × 10−5(TT70), identify as an accurate phenotyping method. Following our experience of senescence trait genetic mapping, we recognised the need for singular metrics capable of discriminating senescence variation, identifying Thermal Time to Flag Leaf Senescence score of 70 (TT70) and Mean Peduncle senescence (MeanPed) scores as most informative. Moreover, grain maturity assessments confirmed a previous association between our staygreen traits and grain fill extension, illustrating trait functionality.Here we review different senescence phenotyping approaches and share our experiences of phenotyping two independent RIL populations segregating for staygreen traits. Together, we direct readers towards senescence phenotyping methods we found most effective, encouraging their use when investigating and discriminating senescence variation of differing genetic bases, and to aid trait selection and weighting in breeding and research programs alike.

scholarly journals Capturing and Selecting Senescence Variation in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Chapman ◽  
Simon Orford ◽  
Jacob Lage ◽  
Simon Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Singular Metrics ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Plant Process

Senescence is a highly quantitative trait, but in wheat the genetics underpinning senescence regulation remain relatively unknown. To select senescence variation and ultimately identify novel genetic regulators, accurate characterization of senescence phenotypes is essential. When investigating senescence, phenotyping efforts often focus on, or are limited to, the visual assessment of flag leaves. However, senescence is a whole-plant process, involving remobilization and translocation of resources into the developing grain. Furthermore, the temporal progression of senescence poses challenges regarding trait quantification and description, whereupon the different models and approaches applied result in varying definitions of apparently similar metrics. To gain a holistic understanding of senescence, we phenotyped flag leaf and peduncle senescence progression, alongside grain maturation. Reviewing the literature, we identified techniques commonly applied in quantification of senescence variation and developed simple methods to calculate descriptive and discriminatory metrics. To capture senescence dynamism, we developed the idea of calculating thermal time to different flag leaf senescence scores, for which between-year Spearman’s rank correlations of r ≥ 0.59, P &lt; 4.7 × 10–5 (TT70), identify as an accurate phenotyping method. Following our experience of senescence trait genetic mapping, we recognized the need for singular metrics capable of discriminating senescence variation, identifying thermal time to flag leaf senescence score of 70 (TT70) and mean peduncle senescence (MeanPed) scores as most informative. Moreover, grain maturity assessments confirmed a previous association between our staygreen traits and grain fill extension, illustrating trait functionality. Here we review different senescence phenotyping approaches and share our experiences of phenotyping two independent recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations segregating for staygreen traits. Together, we direct readers toward senescence phenotyping methods we found most effective, encouraging their use when investigating and discriminating senescence variation of differing genetic bases, and aid trait selection and weighting in breeding and research programs alike.

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