scholarly journals Early Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in European suckling pigs in herds with respiratory problems: detection rate and risk factors

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Villarreal ◽  
K. Vranckx ◽  
L. Duchateau ◽  
F. Pasmans ◽  
F. Haesebrouck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

The present study aimed at estimating the detection rate of M. hyopneumoniae in 3-week-old pigs in different European countries and to identify possible risk factors. Nasal swabs from suckling pigs in 52 farms were collected for nested PCR analysis. Potential risk factors for respiratory disease were analysed with a multivariable logistic regression model. The average percentage of positive piglets was 10.7% (95% confidence interval, CI 7.4–14.2); at least one pig tested positive in 68% of herds. In 32% of the herds, more than 10% of piglets tested positive. Herds that vaccinated sows against swine influenza virus (SIV) had a significantly higher risk of a piglet being positive for M. hyopneumoniae (OR 3.12; 95% CI 1.43–6.83). The higher risk in case of SIV vaccination is difficult to explain, but may be due to the fact that pig herds with respiratory symptoms are more likely to be vaccinated against SIV, overlooking the possible influence of other respiratory pathogens such as M. hyopneumoniae. The present findings show that M. hyopneumoniae is widespread in 3-week-old piglets across different European countries.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Use on Irish Pig Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2828
Author(s):  
Lorcan O’Neill ◽  
Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz ◽  
Maria Rodrigues da Costa ◽  
Sinnead Oakes ◽  
Finola C. Leonard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

The threat to public health posed by antimicrobial resistance in livestock production means that the pig sector is a particular focus for efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). This study sought to investigate the risk factors for AMU in Irish pig production. Antimicrobial use data were collected from 52 farrow-to-finish farms. The risk factors investigated were farm characteristics and performance, biosecurity practices, prevalence of pluck lesions at slaughter and serological status for four common respiratory pathogens and vaccination and prophylactic AMU practices. Linear regression models were used for quantitative AMU analysis and risk factors for specific AMU practices were investigated using logistic regression. Farms that milled their own feed had lower total AMU (p < 0.001), whereas higher finisher mortality (p = 0.043) and vaccinating for swine influenza (p < 0.001) increased AMU. Farms with higher prevalence of pericarditis (p = 0.037) and lung abscesses (p = 0.046) used more group treatments. Farms with higher prevalence of liver milk spot lesions (p = 0.018) and farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.03) had higher numbers of individual treatments. Farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.002) or sows (p = 0.062) had higher use of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. This study identified prophylactic use and respiratory disease as the main drivers for AMU in Irish pig production. These findings highlight areas of farm management where interventions may aid in reducing AMU on Irish pig farms.

Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Opriessnig ◽  
L. G. Giménez-Lirola ◽  
P. G. Halbur
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens

AbstractRespiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2),Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(MHYO) andPasteurella multocida(PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.

scholarly journals Associations between animal and herd management factors, serological response to three respiratory pathogens and pluck lesions in finisher pigs on a farrow-to-finish farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Mary Fitzgerald ◽  
Helen O’Shea ◽  
Edgar García Manzanilla ◽  
John Moriarty ◽  
Hugh McGlynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Nested Case Control

Abstract Background Serological screening is a common method to monitor antibody response to pathogen exposure, but results could vary due to several factors. This study aimed to quantify animal and management related factors associated with variation in antibody levels in finisher pigs at slaughter, in an Irish farrow-to-finish farm endemically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (App), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and swine influenza virus (SIV). A second objective was to estimate differences in antibody levels in pigs presenting pluck lesions. This was an observational study whereby pigs were managed as per routine farm practice. Data on sow parity, number of born alive (NBA) pigs per litter, cross-fostering status, birth and weaning body weight were recorded from 1016 pigs born from one farrowing batch. At slaughter, blood samples were collected for serological analysis and pigs were inspected for presence of enzootic pneumonia (EP)-like lesions, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations. Pigs were retrospectively classified into three production flows, depending on time spent in each production stage: flow 1 (F1; pigs followed the normal production flow); flow 2 (F2; pigs which were delayed by 1 week from advancing forward); and flow 3 (F3; pigs delayed by > 1 week from advancing forward). A nested case-control design was applied by matching pigs from each flow by sow parity, birth weight and NBA. Results Pigs born from primiparous sows had higher antibody levels for App than those born to parity ≥5 sows (P < 0.05) and there was no association between any of the pathogens investigated and other early life indicators (P > 0.05). Pigs in F1 had lower antibody levels for App but higher antibody levels for SIV than F2 and F3 pigs (P < 0.05). There was no association between pluck lesions and respiratory pathogens (P > 0.05), except for increased antibody levels for Mhyo when EP-like lesions were present (P = 0.006). Conclusion Results indicate that offspring from primiparous sows develop higher antibody levels for App IV toxin when exposed to this disease and that enforcement of a strict all-in/all-out production system would reduce on-farm disease circulation. A high percentage of pigs were affected with EP-like lesions which were associated with higher antibody levels for Mhyo.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of swine influenza

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Li ◽  
Ian Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pig Farms

AbstractGlobally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.

scholarly journals Associations between animal and herd management factors, serological response to three respiratory pathogens and pluck lesions in finisher pigs on farrow-to-finish farms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Mary Fitzgerald ◽  
Helen O'Shea ◽  
Edgar García Manzanilla ◽  
John Moriarty ◽  
Hugh McGlynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Nested Case Control

Abstract Background: Serological screening is a common method to monitor antibody response to pathogen exposure, but results could vary due to several factors. This study aimed to quantify animal and management related factors associated with variation in antibody levels in finisher pigs at slaughter, in an Irish farrow-to-finish farm endemically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (App), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and swine influenza virus (SIV). A second objective was to estimate differences in antibody levels in pigs presenting pluck lesions. This was an observational study whereby pigs were managed as per routine farm practice. Data on sow parity, number of born alive (NBA) pigs per litter, cross-fostering status, birth and weaning body weight were recorded from 1,016 pigs born from one farrowing batch. At slaughter, blood samples were collected for serological analysis and pigs were inspected for presence of enzootic pneumonia (EP)-like lesions, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations. Pigs were retrospectively classified into three production flows, depending on time spent in each production stage: flow 1 (F1; pigs followed the normal production flow); flow 2 (F2; pigs which were delayed by 1 week from advancing forward); and flow 3 (F3; pigs delayed by >1 week from advancing forward). A nested case-control design was applied by matching pigs from each flow by sow parity, birth weight and NBA. Results: Pigs born from primiparous sows had higher antibody levels for App than those born to parity ≥5 sows ( P <0.05) and there was no association between any of the pathogens investigated and other early life indicators ( P >0.05). Pigs in F1 had lower antibody levels for App but higher antibody levels for SIV than F2 and F3 pigs ( P <0.05). There was no association between pluck lesions and respiratory pathogens ( P >0.05), except for increased antibody levels for Mhyo when EP-like lesions were present ( P =0.006). Conclusion: Results indicate that offspring from primiparous sows develop lower antibody levels for App when exposed to this disease and that enforcement of a strict all-in/all-out production system would reduce on-farm disease circulation. A high percentage of pigs were affected with EP-like lesions which were associated with higher antibody levels for Mhyo.

scholarly journals Associations between animal and herd management factors, serological response to three respiratory pathogens and pluck lesions in finisher pigs on a farrow-to-finish farm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Mary Fitzgerald ◽  
Helen O'Shea ◽  
Edgar García Manzanilla ◽  
John Moriarty ◽  
Hugh McGlynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Nested Case Control

Abstract Background: Serological screening is a common method to monitor antibody response to pathogen exposure, but results could vary due to several factors. This study aimed to quantify animal and management related factors associated with variation in antibody levels in finisher pigs at slaughter, in an Irish farrow-to-finish farm endemically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (App), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and swine influenza virus (SIV). A second objective was to estimate differences in antibody levels in pigs presenting pluck lesions. This was an observational study whereby pigs were managed as per routine farm practice. Data on sow parity, number of born alive (NBA) pigs per litter, cross-fostering status, birth and weaning body weight were recorded from 1,016 pigs born from one farrowing batch. At slaughter, blood samples were collected for serological analysis and pigs were inspected for presence of enzootic pneumonia (EP)-like lesions, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations. Pigs were retrospectively classified into three production flows, depending on time spent in each production stage: flow 1 (F1; pigs followed the normal production flow); flow 2 (F2; pigs which were delayed by 1 week from advancing forward); and flow 3 (F3; pigs delayed by >1 week from advancing forward). A nested case-control design was applied by matching pigs from each flow by sow parity, birth weight and NBA.Results: Pigs born from primiparous sows had higher antibody levels for App than those born to parity ≥5 sows (P<0.05) and there was no association between any of the pathogens investigated and other early life indicators (P>0.05). Pigs in F1 had lower antibody levels for App but higher antibody levels for SIV than F2 and F3 pigs (P<0.05). There was no association between pluck lesions and respiratory pathogens (P>0.05), except for increased antibody levels for Mhyo when EP-like lesions were present (P=0.006). Conclusion: Results indicate that offspring from primiparous sows develop higher antibody levels for App IV toxin when exposed to this disease and that enforcement of a strict all-in/all-out production system would reduce on-farm disease circulation. A high percentage of pigs were affected with EP-like lesions which were associated with higher antibody levels for Mhyo.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional study of seropositivity, lung lesions and associated risk factors of the main pathogens of Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC) in Goiás, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vanderlei Burim Galdeano ◽  
Thaís Gasparini Baraldi ◽  
Maria Eugênia Silveira Ferraz ◽  
Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida ◽  
Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
High Occurrence ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

Abstract Background The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence and severity of Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC) pathogens in the Goiás State, Brazil. Were assessed the serological antibodies occurrency of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and swine influenza virus (SIV), as well as the evaluation of pulmonary Mycoplasma-like lung lesions, pleuritis, histopathological lesions and diseases occurrence associated with risk factors, such as management, housing and productive indexes. We conveniently selected 2536 animals for serology testing, and 900 lungs at slaughtering of animals from 30 multisite herds in Goiás State, Brazil. Results For M. hyopneumoniae, all herds presented seropositive animals at some stage of production. Even though most herds (29/30) vaccinated against this pathogen, 90.0% (27/30) of the herds presented at least 50.0% of seropositive animals in finishing and slaughter. Overall, antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae were present in lower occurrence, varying from 22.4% of the animals in the nursery phase to 1.3% of the animals at slaughter. Conversely, SIV circulated in most herds, with 29 seropositive herds without vaccination. The occurrence of anti-SIV antibodies was higher at slaughter (74.5% of the animals) than nursery (41.8% of the animals), and at slaughter, 23 herds (76.7%) presented at least 50.0% of seropositive animals. All herds presented animals with pulmonary Mycoplasma-like lung lesions, and of the 900 lungs evaluated in the slaughterhouse, 665 (73.9%) presented an average Mycoplasma-like lung lesions of 7.3%. Evaluations of the pneumonia index (PI) showed that 73.3% of the herds were strongly affected by a pathology that manifested itself in different presentation forms. Microscopically, there was a predominance of bronchopneumonia lesions (74.6% of affected lungs), with a high occurrence of the chronic form (57.1%), and there was a moderate to marked proliferation of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in 64.1% of the affected lungs. Pleuritis were observed in 13.5% of the animals. Conclusion Serological tests evidenced that antibodies against App and SIV were present in the Goiás State herds, and high occurrence of M. hyopneumoniae antibodies in finishing phases and slaughter may be influenced by pathogen circulation in vaccinated herds, leading to respiratory lesions at slaughter. Additionally, swine influenza virus was broadly disseminated in technified herds in Goiás State.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for swine influenza virus infection in the English pig population

PLoS Currents ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. RRN1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mastin ◽  
Pablo Alarcon ◽  
Dirk Pfeiffer ◽  
James Wood ◽  
Susanna Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Swine Influenza

Premature Arterial Disease Associated with Familial Antithrombin III Deficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 013-015 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Johnson ◽  
C R M Prentice ◽  
L A Parapia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Arterial Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is one of the few known abnormalities of the coagulation system known to predispose to venous thromboembolism but its relation to arterial disease is not established. We describe two related patients with this disorder, both of whom suffered arterial thrombotic events, at an early age. Both patients had other potential risk factors, though these would normally be considered unlikely to lead to such catastrophic events at such an age. Thrombosis due to ATIII deficiency is potentially preventable, and this diagnosis should be sought more frequently in patients with arterial thromboembolism, particularly if occurring at a young age. In addition, in patients with known ATIII deficiency, other risk factors for arterial disease should be eliminated, if possible. In particular, these patients should be counselled against smoking.

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