Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Opriessnig ◽  
L. G. Giménez-Lirola ◽  
P. G. Halbur
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens

AbstractRespiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2),Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(MHYO) andPasteurella multocida(PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.

scholarly journals Association of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 With Vascular Lesions in Porcine Pneumonia

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Szeredi ◽  
Á. Dán ◽  
N. Solymosi ◽  
A. Cságola ◽  
T. Tuboly
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vasculature in porcine circovirus type 2–infected (PCV2-infected) lungs and to identify the PCV2 subtypes involved in porcine pneumonia. Pulmonary samples from 140 pigs, 2 weeks to 7 months of age, from 36 Hungarian commercial herds with clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined for the presence of respiratory pathogens, with bacterial culture, pathologic evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV2, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, and swine influenza virus. PCV2 was the most commonly identified pathogen (49 cases) among the 74 of 140 cases (53%) with respiratory pathogens. PCV2 was detected immunohistochemically in the wall of 13% to 100% of pulmonary vessels (mean, 89%) in 38 of 49 cases (78%). Detection of PCV2 antigen was positively correlated with the presence of vascular lesions ( P < .001, odds ratio [OR]: 159.54). Other pathogens capable of vascular injury in swine were found in 29 of 49 of the PCV2-positive cases (59%). The probability of detecting vascular lesions in PCV2-infected lung was higher than in infection with porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus ( P < .002, OR: 14.63), Pasteurella multocida infection ( P < .001, OR: 5.75), or Streptococcus spp. infection (not significant, OR: 1.45). Sequence analysis of open reading frame 2 amplicons was possible in 6 PCV2-positive cases, from which 5 cases proved to be PCV2b subtype and 1 case, PCV2a subtype. In conclusion, PCV2 antigen was commonly colocalized with pulmonary vascular lesions in pneumonia in Hungarian swine, and PCV2b was the dominant subtype.

scholarly journals Current Swine Respiratory Diseases Morphology in Intensive Swine Production in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Jasna Prodanov-Radulović ◽  
Ivana Vučićević ◽  
Vladimir Polaček ◽  
Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Pig Production

AbstractSwine respiratory diseases represent one of the most frequent health issues in pig production worldwide. Despite the great progress that has been made in the field of diagnostics, control and prophylaxis, respiratory diseases still remain the most challenging health problem in modern commercial pig production. The list of infectious agents that cause respiratory diseases in swine is extensive and includes both, bacterial and viral pathogens. In Serbia, more than fifteen years after the introduction of modern vaccines, the list of bacterial pathogens related to swine respiratory infections still include Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Pasteurella multocida. On the other hand, most commonly involved viral pathogens are Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine circovirus type 2 and Pseudorabies virus. The morphological features of pneumonia where several agents are involved, depend on the predominant etiological agent. Expanding knowledge of the main pathogens associated with swine respiratory diseases and the effects of their interactions on the disease outcome is important for further investigations of lung diseases and implementation of control strategies in commercial pig populations in Serbia. This review discusses the latest findings on swine respiratory disease and current trends in Serbian pig production.

scholarly journals Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Ouyang ◽  
Xinwei Zhang ◽  
Xiaohua Liu ◽  
Linzhu Ren
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.

scholarly journals Causes of swine polyserositis in a high-density breeding area in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
Cristian Salogni ◽  
Massimiliano Lazzaro ◽  
Stefano Giovannini ◽  
Nicoletta Vitale ◽  
Maria Beatrice Boniotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
High Density ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Breeding Area ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Bacterial Coinfection

We assessed the causes of polyserositis in pigs, categorized by causative agents and ages of animals affected. In a 3-y study, 246 pigs from 80 different farms with recurrent problems of polyserositis, in a high-density breeding area, were submitted for autopsy; 154 pigs with typical fibrinous serosal lesions were sampled for further bacterial and viral investigation. The most common gross lesions were pleuritis and pericarditis (141 of 154; 92%). The animals most affected were weaned pigs (139 of 154; 90%). Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyorhinis were the most common bacteria detected and were present at the same rate (85 of 154; 55%). Other bacteria isolated were Streptococcus sp. (44 of 154; 29%), Pasteurella multocida (21 of 154; 14%), Escherichia coli (19 of 154; 12%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7 of 154; 5%), and Trueperella pyogenes (4 of 154; 3%). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV; 119 of 154; 77%) predominated among the viruses detected, followed, with lesser prevalence, by porcine circovirus 2 (40 of 154; 26%) and swine influenza A virus (19 of 154; 12%). Bacterial coinfection and coinfection of bacteria and viruses were common (128 of 154; 83%). A strong positive correlation was found between coinfection by H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis and also by H. parasuis with PRRSV.

scholarly journals Detection Rates of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Swine Influenza Virus in Porcine Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Drolet ◽  
R. Larochelle ◽  
M. Morin ◽  
B. Delisle ◽  
R. Magar
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Necrotizing Pneumonia ◽  
Detection Rates

A retrospective study on pig lung tissues from 60 cases of proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP) was performed to determine the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in these lesions. Cases selected included 30 cases diagnosed between 1988 and 1992 and 30 cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. In each group of 30 cases, 10 were from suckling piglets, whereas the other 20 were from postweaned animals representing either nursery or grower-finisher pigs. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to influenza virus type A was used to determine the presence of SIV, and in situ hybridization was used for the detection of PRRSV and PCV2 nucleic acids. PRRSV was detected in 55 of the 60 cases examined (92%), PCV2 in 25 cases (42%), and SIV in only 1 case (2%). In 30 cases (50%), PRRSV was the only virus detected, whereas in 25 other cases (42%), a combination of PRRSV and PCV2 could be detected in the lungs with PNP lesions. PCV2 could not be detected in the lungs of suckling pigs with PNP. All PCV2-positive cases were found in postweaned pigs and were always in combination with PRRSV. In this latter age group, PCV2 was detected in 63% of the cases (25/40). Data from our study indicate that SIV is rarely identified in PNP and that PCV2 infection is not essential for the development of PNP lesions. The results of the present study demonstrate that PRRSV is consistently and predominantly associated with PNP and should be considered the key etiologic agent for the condition.

scholarly journals Point-of-service diagnostic technology for detection of swine viral diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lapo Nannucci ◽  
Paolo Barattini ◽  
Ioannis Bossis ◽  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Gyula Balka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Time Required

AbstractIntroductionA research project is underway aiming to develop a field diagnostic tool for six important viruses of the pig sector, namely: African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus (PCV2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV).Material and MethodsTo obtain a preliminary sounding of the interest in this type of instrument among its potential operators, a questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to three categories of stakeholders: farmers, veterinarians, and others (including scientific and technical staff working on animal farms). Four countries participated: Italy, Greece, Hungary, and Poland.ResultsIn total, 83 replies were collected and analysed in a breakdown by stakeholder type and pertinence, where the areas were the importance of the main diseases within the different countries, diagnostic tool operational issues, and economic issues.ConclusionThe main end-users of this kind of instrument are expected to be private veterinarians and pig producers. The infectious agents seeming to be most interesting to diagnose with the instrument are PRRSV, SIV, PPV, and PCV2. The most decisive parameters which have been selected by the stakeholders are sensitivity, cost, simplicity, and time required to obtain results. The economic issue analysis showed that the majority of those who would prefer to buy rather than rent the device are willing to pay up to €3,000 for a diagnostic field tool.

scholarly journals Virus and Antibody Diagnostics for Swine Samples of the Dominican Republic Collected in Regions Near the Border to Haiti

ISRN Virology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ventura ◽  
W. Gonzalez ◽  
R. Barrette ◽  
S. Swenson ◽  
A. Bracht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Swine Population

The Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola, and reportable transboundary animal diseases have been introduced between the two countries historically. Outbreaks of severe teschovirus encephalomyelitis in pigs began occurring in Haiti in February 2009, and a field and laboratort study in April 2010 indicated that the teschovirus disease is prevalent in many regions in Haiti including areas near the border with DR and that other viral disease agents, including CSF virus (CSFV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and swine influenza virus (SIV), are present in the swine population in these regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the introduction of teschovirus encephalomyelitis from Haiti to DR and to identify the other viral disease agents present in the swine population in regions of DR near the border with Haiti. Six of 7 brains and 6 of 7 spinal cords collected from pigs with central nervous system (CNS) signs were positive in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for PTV. Genome sequencing on the Dominican PTV and phylogenetic analysis on the polyprotein of PTV strains indicate that the sequence of the Dominican PTV is 99.1% identical to the Haitian isolate and closely related to other PTV-1 strains in the world. Among 109 serum samples tested, 65 (59.6%) were positive for antibodies to PCV-2, and 51 (46.8%) were positive for antibodies to CSFV. Fifty-four of the 109 serum samples were tested for antibodies to other agents. Among the 54 samples, 20 (37.0%) were seropositive to PTV-1, 17 (31.5%) tested seropositive to SIV H3N2, 12 (22.2%) were seropositive to SIV H1N1, and 1 (1.9%) was seropositive to PRRSV.

scholarly journals Health advantages of transition to batch management system in farrow-to-finish pig herds

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vangroenweghe ◽  
L. Suls ◽  
E. Van Driessche ◽  
D. Maes ◽  
E. De Graef
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Dermonecrotic Toxin ◽  
Before And After

Sow batch management systems have become more popular due to advantages in labour planning, piglet batch sizes, all-in all-out practices and health management. The present study investigated the potential health advantages of 10 selected farrow-to-finish pig herds before and after transition from a one week batch management system to a four or five week batch management system. Five different animal categories (gilts, sows, piglets, growers and finishers) were sampled at three time points (T0, T1 and T2) before and after transition to a four or five week batch management system. Different matrices of the animals were collected: blood, nasal swabs and faeces. Several economically important diseases were monitored through serology: Lawsonia intracellularis, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; and PCR-testing: Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) and Brachyspira species, especially the major pathogenic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Following serological analysis, the percentage of positive animals per category and sampling occasion were calculated. Health improvement based on serology was defined as the reduction in the percentage of positive animals for a specific disease in a specified animal category. All samples were negative for P. multocida DNT and B. hyodysenteriae. Little to no improvement could be observed for PRRSv. For L. intracellularis an improvement could be observed in piglets (71%) and growers (56%; P &lt; 0.05). For both of the respiratory pathogens, M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae, significant improvement was observed in finishers (34 and 24%, respectively). In growers, only M. hyopneumoniae showed a significant improvement (34%). In conclusion, the transition from a one week batch management system to a four or five week batch management system in the present herds resulted in a reduction of the percentage of seropositive animals for three of the monitored economically important diseases: L. intracellularis, M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae.

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