scholarly journals Breeding for enhanced zinc and iron concentration in CIMMYT spring wheat germplasm

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S174-S177 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Velu ◽  
R. Singh ◽  
J. Huerta-Espino ◽  
J. Peña ◽  
I. Ortiz-Monasterio
Keyword(s):  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

Micronutrient malnutrition, resulting from dietary deficiency of important minerals such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), is a widespread food-related health problem. Genetic enhancement of crops with elevated levels of these micronutrients is one of the most cost effective ways of solving global micronutrient malnutrition problem. Development and dissemination of high Zn and Fe containing high-yielding, disease-resistant wheat varieties by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is initially targeted for the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia, a region with high population density and high micronutrient malnutrition. The most promising sources for grain Zn and Fe concentrations are wild relatives, primitive wheats and landraces. Synthetic hexaploids were developed at CIMMYT by crossing Aegilops taushii and high Zn and Fe containing accessions of T. dicoccon. Current breeding efforts at CIMMYT have focused on transferring genes governing increased Zn and Fe from T. spelta, T. dicoccon based synthetics, land races and other reported high Zn and Fe sources to high yielding elite wheat backgrounds.

scholarly journals Heterosis Effects on Genetic Biofortification of Grain Iron and Zinc in Pearl Millet (Pennisetumglacum L.).

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shobha Rani ◽  
G. Anil Kumar ◽  
K. Sravanti ◽  
C.V. Sameer Kumar ◽  
S. Maheswaramma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Breeding Efficiency

Pearl millet is traditionally a small grain crop, adapted to marginal environments. Micronutrient malnutrition arising from deficiency of one or more essential micronutrients. Crop biofortification is a sustainable and cost-effective approach to address micro nutrient malnutrition, especially in the developing world. It refers to the development of micronutrient-dense staple crops using conventional breeding practices. Availability of traits of concern in improved genetic background greatly enhances the breeding efficiency for the target trait combining with other desirable agronomic traits. The main objective of this study was to determine heterosis for Fe and Zn by using line x tester analysis. Low level of heterosis over mid-parent (MP) for grain Fe and Zn and no hybrid with significant heterosis over better-parent (BP) for Fe and Zn, suggested that there would be little opportunity, if any, to exploit heterosis for these traits. This would also mean that to breed high Fe and high Zn hybrids, these traits will have to breed into both parental lines of hybrids.Based on the results, it can be concluded that there are good prospects of genetic enhancement for grain Fe and Zn content ratio interm of hybrid development in pearl millet.

Synthetic Hexaploids: Harnessing Species of the Primary Gene Pool for Wheat Improvement

2013 ◽  
pp. 35-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis C. Ogbonnaya ◽  
Osman Abdalla ◽  
Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi ◽  
Alvina G. Kazi ◽  
Steven S. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Primary Gene Pool ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploids ◽  
Primary Gene

scholarly journals Effect of pesticide treatment of spring wheat plots on seed yields

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
O. A. Demydov ◽  
A. A. Siroshtan ◽  
V. P. Kavunets ◽  
O. A. Zaima ◽  
S. F. Liskovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Introduction. High-quality varietal seeds, which can ensure a gain of 0.2–0.4 t/ha in the yields from their offspring, is one of the most important and cost-effective means to increase the gross grain collection of grain. Purpose. To study productive capacities of spring wheat seeds depending on treatment of fields with fungicides and insecticides. Materials and methods. The following indicators were evaluated: swelling activity, germination energy, laboratory germinability, initial growth strength, coleoptile length and the number of radicles. Seed samples that after pesticide treatment had showed the best results were tested in field experiments for productive capacities. The experimental plot area was 10 m2, in six replications. Seeds were sown with a seeder SN-10Ts after soybean with a seeding rate of 5 million germinable seeds per hectare. Spring wheat seeds produced in the experimental plots, which were treated with fungicides Akula (0.6 L/ha) and Soligor 425 EC (0.6 L/ha) and insecticides Fas (0.15 L/ha) and Karate Zeon 050 CS (0.15 L/ha) in organogenesis stages VI, VIII and X, were evaluated for productive capacities. The study was carried out on varieties MIP Zlata, Bozhena, MIP Raiduzhna and Diana. Results and discussion. Over the study years, the gain in the yields of spring wheat varieties grown from seeds of fungicide-treated plants was 0.23–0.36 t/ha; the gain in the yields of spring wheat varieties grown from seeds of insecticide-treated plants was – 0.24-0.31 t/ha. Pesticide-treated parental plants produced seeds with increased productive capacities: when such seeds were sown, the field germinability increased by 3-5%, and the plant survival – by 5-7%. Conclusions. The results indicate that the treatment of vegetating plants of spring wheat varieties in seed plots with fungicides and insecticides is a reliable way to obtain seeds with high productive capacities

scholarly journals Breeding Biofortified Pearl Millet Varieties and Hybrids to Enhance Millet Markets for Human Nutrition

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalingam Govindaraj ◽  
Kedar Nath Rai ◽  
Binu Cherian ◽  
Wolfgang Helmut Pfeiffer ◽  
Anand Kanatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Distribution System ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition

Pearl millet is an important food crop in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Iron and zinc deficiencies are widespread and serious public health problems worldwide, including in India and Africa. Biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural strategy to address this problem. The aim of this review is to provide the current biofortification breeding status and future directions of the pearl millet for growing nutrition markets. Research on the pearl millet has shown that a large genetic variability (30–140 mg kg−1 Fe and 20–90 mg kg−1 Zn) available in this crop can be effectively utilized to develop high-yielding cultivars with high iron and zinc densities. Open-pollinated varieties (Dhanashakti) and hybrids (ICMH 1202, ICMH 1203 and ICMH 1301) of pearl millet with a high grain yield and high levels of iron (70–75 mg kg−1) and zinc (35–40 mg kg−1) densities have been developed and released first in India. Currently, India is growing > 70,000 ha of biofortified pearl millet, and furthermore more pipeline cultivars are under various stages of testing at the national (India) and international (west Africa) trials for a possible release. Until today, no special markets existed to promote biofortified varieties and hybrids as no incentive price to products existed to address food and nutritional insecurity simultaneously. The market demand is likely to increase only after an investment in crop breeding and the integration into the public distribution system, nutritional intervention schemes, private seed and food companies with strong mainstreaming nutritional policies. The following sections describe various aspects of breeding and market opportunity for addressing micronutrient malnutrition.

Evolving usage of materials from CIMMYT in developing Australian wheat varieties

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Brennan ◽  
Kathryn J. Quade
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Over Time

Wheat genetic materials developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico for developing countries and varieties developed from those genetic materials have resulted in yield increases in Australia. The usage of the genetic materials obtained from CIMMYT has evolved over time, with fewer Australian varieties resulting from either direct CIMMYT crosses or having a CIMMYT line as a parent. There has been an increasing tendency to use adapted Australian lines with CIMMYT ancestry, rather than CIMMYT lines, as parents. These changes are examined, both in terms of varieties released in Australia and for the shares of wheat area sown to crosses of different origins, for each Australian state. The results demonstrate that for the benefits of international developments to be made available to Australian producers, Australian-based breeding programs are essential.

scholarly journals Zinc Biofortification in Food Crops Could Alleviate the Zinc Malnutrition in Human Health

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3509
Author(s):  
Subhashisa Praharaj ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Sagar Maitra ◽  
Preetha Bhadra ◽  
Tanmoy Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Diet Supplements ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition

Micronutrient malnutrition is a global health issue and needs immediate attention. Over two billion people across the globe suffer from micronutrient malnutrition. The widespread zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils, poor zinc intake by humans in their diet, low bioavailability, and health consequences has led the research community to think of an economic as well as sustainable strategy for the alleviation of zinc deficiency. Strategies like fortification and diet supplements, though effective, are not economical and most people in low-income countries cannot afford them, and they are the most vulnerable to Zn deficiency. In this regard, the biofortification of staple food crops with Zn has been considered a useful strategy. An agronomic biofortification approach that uses crop fertilization with Zn-based fertilizers at the appropriate time to ensure grain Zn enrichment has been found to be cost-effective, easy to practice, and efficient. Genetic biofortification, though time-consuming, is also highly effective. Moreover, a Zn-rich genotype once developed can also be used for many years without any recurring cost. Hence, both agronomic and genetic biofortification can be a very useful tool in alleviating Zn deficiency.

The gene TaCB1 overcomes genotype dependency in wheat genetic transformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Ke ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiaona Liang ◽  
Pei Zhao ◽  
Wanxin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Transformation Efficiency ◽  
Immature Embryo ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Shoot Differentiation ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Wheat Gene ◽  
Plant Transformation Efficiency

Abstract Genotype dependency is the most important factor in wheat genetic transformation, which further limits wheat improvement by transgenic integration and genome editing approaches. The application of regeneration related genes during in vitro culture could potentially contribute to enhancement of plant transformation efficiency. In the present study, a wheat gene TaCB1 in the WUSCHEL family was identified to dramatically increase the transformation efficiencies of many wheat varieties without genotype dependency after its over-expression. The expression of TaCB1 in wheat calli did not prohibit shoot differentiation and root development. The application of TaCB1 can lighten the requirement to wheat immature embryo for plant regeneration. Transgenic wheat plants can be clearly recognized by the visible phenotype of wide flag leaves. The promise function of TaCB1 on improving transformation efficiency was also tested in T. monococcum, triticale, rye, barley, and maize.

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