Influence of Different Crop Establishment and Irrigation Methods on Growth and Growth Indices of Rice

The increasing global demand for water in many sectors has become a universal concern. Challenge is to develop advanced production systems that allow rice production to be sustained in the face of waning water availability. With the intention to find the efficient water saving technology and establishment method, a field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya, University of Agricultural Sciences, and Bangalore during Kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main plot irrigation treatments and five sub plot rice establishment treatments. The paddy variety used was ‘MTU 1001’. Objective was to study the irrigation and establishment methods on growth of rice. The results revealed that, continuous flooding recorded significantly higher plant height (80.67 cm) at harvest. Whereas, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) recorded higher leaf area index (5.06), CGR at 30 to 60 DAS, 60 to 90 DAS and 90 DAS to harvest (1.49, 3.50 and 2.47 g m-2 day-1, respectively), NAR at 30 to 60 DAS and 60 to 90 DAS (7.19 and 4.37 mg cm-2 day-1, respectively). Among establishment methods, manual transplanting recorded higher plant height (81.82 cm), LAI (5.70), DME (55.77), AGR at 30 DAS (0.36 g day-1), CGR at 30 to 60 DAS and 60 to 90 DAS (1.73 and 3.94 g m-2 day-1, respectively) and LAD at 30 to 60 DAS, 60 to 90 DAS and 90DAS to harvest (49.50, 128.70 and 272.80, respectively). However, mechanical transplanting recorded significantly more number of tillers m-2 (765.67), NAR at 30 to 60 DAS and 60 to 90 DAS (9.96 and 4.41 mg cm-2 day-1, respectively). AWD method of irrigation in mechanical transplanting and manual transplanting are found to be better among all other methods due to the higher growth and development.

Analysis on the research method of road sense feedback in steer-by-wire system

Nowadays, the automobile industry is gradually developing towards the trend of electrification and intelligence. Compared with the traditional steering system, the steer-by-wire system cancels the mechanical transmission structure, reduces the space utilization, reduces the probability of damage to the driver caused by the steering system in the collision accident, and improves the driving portability and enhances the driver’s handling experience. The road feeling feedback of steer-by-wire system has the greatest impact on the driver’s driving experience. This paper discusses the research methods of road feeling feedback of steer-by-wire system, introduces the basic structure of road feeling feedback of steer-by-wire system, the basic idea of dynamic modeling, the establishment of simulation model of road feeling feedback, and the establishment method of control strategy and simulation platform of road feeling feedback. Finally, it summarizes and prospects in order to provide basic information and perspectives for the development and research of steer-by-wire system.

Response of Different Establishment Method on Yield Evaluation of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Under Rice-Wheat Cropping System, India

Field experiments/On Farm trial (OFT) were conducted at Farmers field of village, Halsi, Lakhisarai under the supervision of ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, BAU, Bihar, India in 2012-13 and 2013-14.To established a uniform plant stand for the maximum yield and net return ultimately for the drudgery reduction. The experimental trial was laid out in a Randomized block design replicated four times (Number of Farmers) with six treatments comprises of transplanted rice (Farmers practices), system of rice intensification (SRI) square transplanted, DSR- Zero-tillage (dry seeding), direct seeded rice (DSR)- broadcasting (dry seeding), DSR- Drum seeded (dry seeding) and DSR- wet seeded (sprouted seeding). Among the different establishment method, SRI planting significantly influenced the growth, yield attributing characters and yield, but relatively was on par with transplanted rice. The maximum plant height, number of tillers m-2, panicle length, leaf area Index (LAI) , number of filled grains panicle-1, number of unfilled grain panicle-1,test weight, grain yield (5712 kg ha-1), straw yield (7950kg ha-1) and net return (Rs. 50,409.30 ha-1) were recorded under SRI (square transplanted) but which were on par with transplanted rice and DSR- Zero-tillage while benefit cost ratio were significantly highest (2.56) under DSR- Zero-tillage. Lowest grain yield, straw yield and gross return were observed under DSR- broadcasting and lowest net return were recorded under DSR- wet planted (sprouted seeds) and lowest B:C ratio were found under Transplanted rice. System of rice intensification (SRI) having higher yield followed by puddled transplanted rice, DSR- drum seeder (sprouted seed) and DSR- zero-tillage. DSR- zero-tillage is a viable, long-lasting and appropriate substitute to puddled transplanted rice and to be the most profitable methods with minimize the cost of cultivation.

An Efficient Secure Key Establishment Method in Cluster-based Sensor Network

The main issue for the security of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is how to allow sensor nodes (SNs) to establish and share cryptographic keys in an energy-efficient, storage-efficient, and authentic manner for their secure data transmission. Furthermost recent studies carried out in this direction is concerned with homogeneous networks in which all sensor has identical characteristics and key administration mechanisms. Although Cluster-based sensor networks have demonstrated better achievements and performance as compared to homogeneous networks because of the several benefits of clustering. This inspired us to propose a secure key-establishment method for cluster-based sensor networks based on symmetric-key cryptography. Since symmetric key cryptography has small energy consumption, they are a great choice to prefer for securing the net-works. Even though symmetric key cryptography has high storage needs, this deficiency can be reduced by using suitable methods—the evaluation of the pro-posed work that the storage needs are reduced along with reduced energy consumption. The work offers a favorable level of security against various intruders and possible security threats and is additionally scalable than the state-of-the-art techniques.

Exploring commissioners’ understandings of early Primary Care Network development: qualitative interview study

Background: Primary Care Networks (PCNs) are financially incentivised groupings of General Practices (GP) in the English NHS. Their purpose is to deliver a number of policy goals set out in the NHS Long Term Plan. Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) have a role in their establishment, support, and oversight. Aim: Explore commissioner’s perspectives on the early development of PCNs. Design and Setting: Qualitative study of CCGs using telephone interviews. Semi-structured interviews (n=37) with CCG employees involved in PCN establishment. Method: Interviewees were asked about local PCNs’ characteristics, factors shaping development and form, activities to date, challenges and benefits, and their CCGs’ relationship with PCNs. Interviewee responses were summarised within a matrix and analysed thematically. Results: Three meta-themes were identified: the multifaceted role of the commissioner; uneven advantages; engaging the broader system. Interviewees reported that the policy potentially favours PCNs working from a ‘blank slate’ and does not sufficiently account for the fact some GP practices and wider system organisations have been doing similar work already. The prescriptive, contractual nature of the policy has led to local challenges, trying to ensure local good practices are not lost during implementation. Interviewees also considered an important part of their work to be protecting PCNs from the weight of expectations placed upon them. Conclusion: CCGs are well placed to understand the complexities of local systems and facilitate PCNs and working practices between wider system partners. It is important that this local role is not lost as CCGs continue to merge and cover larger geographical populations.

Crop Establishment and Weed Control Options for Sustaining Dry Direct Seeded Rice Production in Eastern India

Dry direct seeded rice (DSR) has emerged as an economically viable alternative to puddled transplanted rice to address emerging constraints of labor and water scarcity and the rising cost of cultivation. However, wide adoption of DSR is seriously constrained by weed management trade-off. Therefore, the availability of effective weed control options is critical for the success and wide-scale adoption of DSR. A field study was conducted at ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India, in the dry seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the performance of three crop establishment methods and five weed control practices on weed management, productivity, profitability and energetics of dry DSR. The results demonstrated that weed density and weed dry weight was lower in drill seeding than broadcast seeding by 26–36% and manual line-seeding by 16–24%, respectively, at 30 and 60 days after crop emergence (DAE). Among herbicides, post-emergence application (17 DAE) of azimsulfuron was most effective in controlling weeds compared to early post application of bispyribac-sodium and bensulfuron-methyl+pretilachlor. Weed competition in the weedy check treatment resulted 58% reduction in rice yield. Among establishment methods, drill-seeding was most profitable with US $ 685 ha−1 higher net income than broadcast seeding primarily due to higher yield. Among weed control treatments, azimsulfuron was most profitable resulting in US $ 160 and 736 ha−1 higher net income than weed free and weedy check, respectively. The specific energy was lowest for drill seeding among establishment method and azimsulfuron among weed control practices, suggesting lowest energy consumed in producing per unit of grain yield.

Effect of Tillage and Irrigation Methods on the Productivity, Profitability and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat

Tillage and crop establishment method play an important role in the placement of seed at proper depth which ultimately affect germination and crop growth. The selection of suitable crop establishment method for wheat is dependent upon the time of sowing and availability of soil moisture. A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on productivity, nutrient uptake and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results revealed that grains, straw and biological yields were significantly higher under treatment T5 (wide bed furrow irrigated) and at par with T2 (furrow irrigated with gated pipe Raised bed) and T8 (zero till flat irrigated by gated pipe Controlled flood irrigation).Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake were significantly more in treatment T5 than other treatments. Significantly maximum gross return (97818 ₹ ha-1), was recorded under T5 which was at par with T8 and T2. The maximum net return (61910 ₹ ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.84) were fetched under T8 than all other treatments followed by and T5.

Influence of different establishment method, varieties and nitrogen level on productivity and economics of rice

A field experiment was conducted to determine the productivity and economics of rice influenced by crop establishment methods, varieties and nitrogen levels on growth, phenology and yield of rice cultivars in the sub-tropical climate of Chitwan, Nepal. Three factors Strip-split plot experimental design using establishment methods (conservation and conventional agriculture) in vertical plots; varieties (hybrid Gorakhnath 509 and high yielding Sabitri) in horizontal plots and four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1) in sub-sub plots was laid out with three replications. The research result revealed that, grain yield of rice along with nitrogen use efficiencies, net return and B:C ratio was significantly higher in conservation agriculture than conventional agriculture. The higher grain yield in CA plots was because of higher number of effective tillers per square meter as compared to conventional agriculture. The grain yield of both hybrid and high yielding varieties were statistically similar whereas nitrogen level of 180 kg ha-1 produced the highest grain yield which was statistically similar to 120 kg ha-1 N but significantly higher than 60 kg ha-1 N. Higher N application increased the effective tillers per square meter and number of grains per panicle which resulted in higher grain yield. Net return and B:C ratio were higher at 120 and 180 kg ha-1 N applied plots. Thus for sustainable rice production, conservation agriculture with high yielding variety and nitrogen level of 120 kg ha 1 are best.

Rice Straw and Eggshell Ash as Partial Replacements of Cement in Concrete

This paper presents the properties of concrete made with cement partially replaced with rice straw ash and eggshell ash. The rice straws and eggshells were incinerated, sieved, and ground, and the physical and chemical properties of the resultant ash and the other materials incorporated in the concrete mixes were determined. A class 35 concrete mix with no partial replacement of cement with rice straw ash designed with the British Research Establishment method with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 was considered as the control mix. The cement in concrete was partially replaced with rice straw ash by 5% to 30% and its compressive and splitting tensile strength was determined after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. Durability, resistance to acid attack, and other wet and hardened properties of concrete with cement partially replaced with rice straw ash were also determined. An increase in compressive strength above the control mix was observed for concrete with 5% and 10% partial replacement of cement with rice straw ash. When eggshell ash was added to concrete mixes made with cement partially replaced with rice straw ash at 15% and 20%, the 28, 56, and 90-day compressive strength was found to increase. It can be concluded that rice straw and eggshell ash can be used to partially replace cement in concrete and result in a concrete whose properties compare favorably with control