scholarly journals Impact of heating temperatures on the properties of instant cassava flour

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 360-367
Author(s):  
Achmat Sarifudin ◽  
Enny Sholichah ◽  
Woro Setiaboma ◽  
Nok Afifah ◽  
Dewi Desnilasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Impact

Native cassava flour can be modified to be instant flour by heating the cassava flour in ethanol solution. The impact of heating temperatures of 60, 80, and 100 °C (coded as ICF-60, ICF-80, and ICF-100) on the properties of instant cassava flour (ICF), including colour, morphological, and thermal properties, water absorption, and solubility indexes and pasting behaviour, were investigated. Results showed that ICF produced at higher temperatures exhibited lower lightness, higher redness, and yellowness values. ICF-60 and ICF-80 still displayed the granular forms and birefringence properties of native starches, while granules of ICF-100 were broken and partially lost their birefringence properties. Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis suggested that the amylopectin double helixes of crystalline regions within the structure of ICF orientated to more perfect conformation before they were disrupted at the highest heating temperature (100 °C). During hydration, the starch granules of ICF-60 and ICF-80 absorbed water into their granules; meanwhile, ICF-100 entrapped water within the matrix formed by the entanglements of ICF-100 particles. Results of pasting behaviour analysis indicated that ICF-60 and ICF-80 showed better thermal stability while ICF-100 exhibited the highest cold viscosity.

scholarly journals Formation of metal oxide-based hydroxysodalite by alkali-activation of kaolinite

Chemija ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehab AlShamaileh ◽  
Muayad Esaifan ◽  
Qusay Abu-Afifeh
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Study ◽  
Dsc Curves

The formation of metal oxide-based hydroxysodalite by alkali-activation of kaolinite is studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) study and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Different metal oxides (CoO, MgO, FeO and SiO2) were used to form the metal oxide-based hydroxysodalite. The transformation from kaolinite into hydroxysodalite is confirmed by XRD. In the thermodynamic study, the maximum peak temperatures for DSC curves at various heating rates were used to determine the activation energy (Ea) of the hydroxysodalite formation. With magnesium oxide and cobalt oxide, the formation process was found to be exothermic while it was endothermic with iron oxide.

Erucamide-Nanoclay Systems Obtained by Intercalation Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane R. Silvano ◽  
J.M.M. Mello ◽  
Lucinao Luiz Silva ◽  
Humberto Gracher Riella ◽  
Márcio Antônio Fiori
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymeric Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intercalation Process ◽  
The Matrix

A major challenge in the manufacture of films for polymeric packaging is the definition and setting of the friction coefficient (FCO) for the film surfaces. The FCO values are established with the incorporation of additives during the processing of the polymeric films. But, the homogenization of these additives in the polymeric matrix is very difficult. The additives have different polarity that the matrix polymeric and not are mixable. So, these additives migrate for the surface of the polymeric films easily. Several molecules are used as sliding additives, but among the most efficient are the amides molecules, highlighting the erucamide. This molecule promotes the decrease of the FOC but due its quick migration for the polymeric film surface provides numerous problems for the manufacture of the polymeric packaging and during its application as the product. In this work a nanocomposite (MMT-ERU) was obtained by an intercalation process to improve the compatibility between the polymeric materials and the erucamide molecules. The results shown in this work refers to the studies about the intercalation processes of the erucamide molecules into nanoclays (montmorillonite) to obtain the nanocomposite MMT-ERU. The effect of the temperature and the percentage of the nanoclay in the intercalation processes were studied. The results of x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry shown that erucamide molecules were intercalated in the nanoclay structures and that intercalation efficiency depends positively of the temperature and percentage amount of the nanoclay in the reaction medium.

A New Modifier Prepared and it’s Applied in High-Density Polyethylene/Anhydrite Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 390-394
Author(s):  
Shao Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Anchoring Group ◽  
The Impact

A new Modifier with Silicon radicals as anchoring group and poly(butyl acrylate) as solvatable chain was synthesized and its effect on the properties of HDPE/Anhydrite composites was investigated in this paper. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results show that the modifier react on the Anhydrite powder particles surface and the modified Anhydrite powder particles particles. compared with that of HDPE/Anhydrite (filled with same non-modified fraction), The impact strength, tensile strength, bending strength and Young’s modulus of modified HDPE/Anhydrite composites increased about 36.6%, 7.5%, 15.6% and 34% respectively. Based on surface analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the Anhydrite powder particles buried well in HDPE matrix when Anhydrite powder particles was coated with the YB modifier. It was found that Anhydrite powder particles significantly increased the crystallization temperature and crystallization rate of HDPE by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). At same time, through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) found the addition of the YB modifier modified Anhydrite powder particles can not change the formation of crystal HDPE, but can reduce the crystallite size.

scholarly journals Influence of Lithium on Nanosized Films of Fe2O3

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Turković ◽  
M. Ivanda ◽  
M. Bitenc ◽  
Z. Crnjak Orel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Metal Oxide Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural And Electrical Properties ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nanosized Films ◽  
Scanning Electron

We have investigated nanosized thin films ofα-Fe2O3(hematite) andα-Fe2O3with addition of Li, by the impedance spectroscopy (IS), the Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Combining all of these methods, and earlier obtained thermally stimulated currents (TSC) on the same samples, the dependence of structural and electrical properties upon percentage of Li added into the matrix of these metal-oxide films was found. The comparison of IS, Raman, SEM, XRD, and TSC results reveals the increase of the size of nanoparticles upon inducing 1% of Li inFe2O3matrix followed by the decrease of the size of nanoparticles in the case of samples with 10% Li, as well as the decrease (increase) of conductivity, respectively. These changes are explained by the structural and morphological changes caused by the impact ofLi+ions in the charge transfers. This material is suitable for application in the galvanic cell of second generation that could be used as solar-cells backup.

Reactive Synthesis of TiAl/Ti5Si3 In Situ Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 217-218 ◽  
pp. 684-687
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Zhu ◽  
Wen Wen Yang ◽  
Shao Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reactive Synthesis ◽  
In Situ Composite ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
A Minor

Full dense and highly pure TiAl/Ti5Si3 in situ composite was successfully synthesized by reactive synthesis from the powder mixtures of Ti, Al and Si. The reaction process was investigated in detail by the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The microstructural characteristics of the TiAl/Ti5Si3 in situ composite were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the as fabricated composite possesses three phases, namely, TiAl, Ti3Al and Ti5Si3. The matrix phases are mainly equiaxed TiAl with a minor lamellar Ti3Al phase. Ti5Si3 particles with size less than 1 μm are distributed uniformly in matrix grains as a reinforcing phase.

Influence of Carbon Content in Cobalt-Based Superalloys on Mechanical and Wear Properties

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liu ◽  
Matthew X. Yao ◽  
Xijia Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Rotating Bending ◽  
The Impact

Two cobalt-based superalloys containing 1.6% and 2% carbon respectively were studied, with the emphasis on the influence of the carbon content on their microstructures, wear resistance, and mechanical properties. Phase formation and transformation in the microstructures were analyzed using metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Wear resistance, tensile and fatigue behaviors of the alloys were investigated on a pin-on-disc tribometer, MTS machine and rotating-bending machine, respectively. It is found that the wear resistance was increased significantly with the carbon content. The mechanical properties of the alloys are also influenced by the carbon content, but the impact is not so significant as on the wear resistance. It was observed that the carbon content increased the yielding strength and fatigue strength, but decreased the fracture stress and fracture strain.

scholarly journals Top-Down Synthesis of a Lamivudine-Zidovudine Nano Co-Crystal

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Bwalya A. Witika ◽  
Vincent J. Smith ◽  
Roderick B. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glycol Succinate ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Milling Medium ◽  
The Impact

Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral agents used to manage HIV/AIDS infection. A wet media milling top-down approach was used to develop and produce nano co-crystals of 3TC and AZT. Micro co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation and subsequently milled in the presence of two surfactants, viz., sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS 1000). Optimisation was undertaken using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to establish and identify parameters that may affect the manufacturing of nano co-crystals. The impact of SLS and TPGS 1000 concentration, milling time, and number of units of milling medium on the manufacturing of nano co-crystals, was investigated. The critical quality attributes (CQA) monitored were particle size (PS), Zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI). Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays were used for additional characterization of the optimised nano co-crystal. The mean PS, PDI, and ZP of the optimised top-down nanocrystal were 271.0 ± 92.0 nm, 0.467 ± 0.073, and −41.9 ± 3.94 mV, respectively. In conclusion, a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and precise method of nano co-crystal manufacturing was developed, validated, and optimised using DoE and RSM, and the final product exhibited the target CQA.

Phase behaviour and crystal structures of 2′,3′-difluorinated p-terphenyl derivatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakuntala Gupta ◽  
Partha Pratim Das ◽  
Przemysław Kula ◽  
Emmanuele Parisi ◽  
Roberto Centore
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Crystal Packing ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Independent Molecules ◽  
Derivatives Of

The crystal structures of difluorine derivatives of p-terphenyls (nTm) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. For the unsymmetrical substituted compounds 2′,3′-difluoro-4-methyl-p-terphenyl (1T0, C19H14F2) and 4-ethyl-2′,3′-difluoro-4′′-methyl-p-terphenyl (1T2, C21H18F2), the crystal structure is disordered, with molecules statistically entering the crystal in up and down orientations, with full superposition of all the atoms, except for those of the terminal groups (H/methyl for 1T0 and methyl/ethyl for 1T2). For triclinic 2′,3′-difluoro-4,4′′-dimethyl-p-terphenyl (1T1, C20H16F2), with the space group P\overline{1}, the two crystallographically independent molecules have the same conformation, which is different from monoclinic 1T0 (space group C2) and 1T2 (space group C2/c). A common feature of the conformation of the three compounds is the noncoplanar twisted arrangement of the three rings of the p-terphenyl moiety. Two-dimensional (2D) Hirshfeld fingerprint plots are consistent with H...H and C...H contacts in the crystal packing. For the three compounds, the phase behaviour has been investigated by POM (Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. 1T2 is mesogenic, with enantiotropic nematic behaviour.

Assessment of the X-ray diffraction–absorption method for quantitative analysis of largely amorphous pharmaceutical composites

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bergese ◽  
I. Colombo ◽  
D. Gervasoni ◽  
Laura E. Depero
Keyword(s):  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Amorphous Halo ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Challenging Question

Determination of the residual weight fraction of a crystalline drug in a largely amorphous pharmaceutical composite is still a challenging question. None of the quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) methods found in the literature is suitable for these inclusion systems. The composite's diffraction patterns present a structured amorphous halo (arising from the amorphous matrix and drug molecular clusters) in which the crystalline drug peaks rise up. Moreover, the matrix traps a non-negligible quantity of water (which cannot be directly detected by X-ray diffraction) and the crystal structure of the drug may be unknown. In this work, a development of the QXRD analysis based on the diffraction–absorption technique is presented. The method is standardless, avoids the interpretation of the amorphous halo and the knowledge of the crystal structures of the phases, and takes into account the absorbed water. Results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The general features of the technique open its application to other classes of largely amorphous composite materials, like glass systems generated in the stabilization/solidification of toxic waste.

Studies on Mechanical Properties and Structure of LLDPE/Nano-Montmorillonite Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 510 ◽  
pp. 579-584
Author(s):  
Yu Xin Liu ◽  
Qi Yang ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
Yong Fei Zhu ◽  
Xian Zhong Mo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Angle Light Scattering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scanning Electron

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/nano-montmorillonite (nano-MMT) composites were prepared by melting method. Mechanical test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle light scattering (SALS) measurements were used to characterize the mechanical properties and structure of the LLDPE composite. The results indicated that the impact strength of LLDPE decreased with the increase of nano-MMT content. However, the tensile strength firstly increased and then decreased. The aggregation of nano-MMT in LLDPE happened at larger content. The spherulite size and crystallinity of LLDPE reduced with the addition of nano-MMT. Furthermore, it was found that the structure of the spherulite was destroyed by the nano-MMT. The microcrystal size of LLDPE also decreased with the increase of nano-MMT content.

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