scholarly journals Gravity-type model of Czech agricultural export

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ševela
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
National Product ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Per Capita

The article concentrates on the application of gravity-type model to explain the volume of agro-exports from the Czech Republic. The multiplicative exponential function of the appropriate explanatory variables is used to describe the bilateral trade flows. Gross national product, gross national product per capita and geographical distance between the capitals of economies proved statistically significant. From regression analysis of the transformed data, there is apparent the positive correlation between the export volume of the commodity group 0 – Food and live animals SITC, rev.3 and gross national income. On the contrary, the negative correlation is between the agro-export volume and gross national income per capita and geographical distance as well. The built model is significant at the 5% level and explains more than 75% of dependent variable variance.

scholarly journals Keluarnya Britania Raya dari Keanggotaan Uni Eropa dan Implikasinya Bagi Perekonomian

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Danial Darwis ◽  
Theyana Howay
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
National Product ◽  
Library Research

Pada Juni 2016, warga Inggris memilih untuk meninggalkan Uni Eropa, fenomena ini dikenal dengan nama Britania Exit yang disingkat dengan Brexit. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh Britania Exit (Brexit) terhadap perekonomian Britania Raya, yaitu Gross National Income (GNI) dan Gross National Product (GNP) berdasarkan ekspor-impor, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan ketenagakerjaan. Referendum menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari lima puluh persen warga Inggris memilih keluar dari Uni Eropa. Pasca politik British Exit (Brexit). Referendum Brexit terlihat dari alasan fundamental yaitu regulasi pasar ekonomi Inggris sendiri dan masalah imigrasi. Itu membuat Inggris kehilangan lebih banyak karena akses preferensial yang hilang ke pasar Uni Eropa yang besar. Tulisan ini menganalisis dengan menggunakan teori pertumbuhan ekonomi dan konsep kepentingan nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan sumber data sekunder yang didapatkan dari berita online, buku, jurnal, dan sumber-sumber tertulis lainnya. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan (library research), dengan teknik analisis data yang dimulai dari reduksi data, penyajian data, hingga penarikan kesimpulan. Adapun hasil dan pembahasan dari tulisan ini adalah kepentingan nasional Inggris yang berupa persoalan kedaulatan menjadi alasan dari Brexit, meskipun hal tersebut berdampak terhadap penurunan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang dialami oleh Inggris.

scholarly journals Fertility and socio-economic determinants: evidence from co-integration and multivariate Granger casualty tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Prakash Kengnal ◽  
Asha Bullappa
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
National Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita

Background: The empirical work on fertility determinants widely discusses the role of socio-economic factors like female labour force participation rate, urban population and per capita gross national income in determining fertility rates. The India’s high fertility rate began to decline gradually after late 1950s and continued to fall since then. India achieved almost 31 per cent decline in fertility rate from 1990 to 2012. The objective was to examine the relationship between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income for India.Methods: This study covers the sample period from 1990-2012. Moreover, the direction of causality between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India using Granger Causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) are examined.Results: As a summary of the empirical results, we found that fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India are co-integrated and there is unidirectional Granger Causality between the four variables in long and short-run.Conclusions: The growth in urban population, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income are responsible for the decrease in fertility rate in India.

Cross-Polity Linguistic Homogeneity/Heterogeneity and Per-Capita Gross National Product

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Fishman ◽  
Frank R. Solano
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Product ◽  
Per Capita

Trans-polita lingva homogeno/heterogeno kaj laûkapa malneta nacia produkto: Empiria esploro Oni analizis pli ol 230 varieblojn, per akumula multobla regresa metodo, trans 130 politoj, por konstati ĉu lingva homegeno/heterogeno troviĝas ene de la plej trafa sub-kategorio de antaŭdiriloj por klarigi plej potence kaj ŝpare trans-politan varion rilate laŭkapan malnetan nacian produkton. Kvankam montriĝis eble atingi tre altan multoblan R (.90), kiu klarigis pli ol 80 procentojn de tia trans-polita vario surbaze de nur dek antaŭdiriloj, lingva homogeno/heterogeno ne estis inter tiu plej trafa subkategorio de antaŭdiriloj. Vario de laŭkapa malneta nacia produkto estas rekta flankprodukto de vario en modernigo de ŝtata administracio kaj industrio—variebloj, kiuj nur nedirekte kaj nesignife rilatas al lingva homogeno/heterogeno.

Infrastructural Drivers of Online Shopping

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Syed Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Online Purchases ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Internet Penetration ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

While online shopping expenditures have been increasing in both developed and developing economies, they still account for a small share of total retail sales. Significant differences also exist across countries in the amount of money consumers spend on a per capita basis on online purchases. The authors utilize the conceptual foundations of infrastructural framework to examine the effects of infrastructural drivers on online shopping expenditures in 43 countries. Findings show that per capita telecommunications investments and per capita gross national income are significantly associated with per capita online shopping expenditures. Privacy protection, Internet penetration, and credit card penetration were not significant.

Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessinal Financing

Policy Papers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Small States ◽  
Executive Directors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
One Year

During the 2012 Review of Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) Eligibility, Executive Directors expressed a number of concerns about the eligibility framework. The Board decided to bring forward the next review of eligibility by one year, to early 2013, in light of these concerns. In particular, Directors called for the review to assess: Possible shortcomings of the gross national income (GNI) per capita criterion in the case of small states, and whether additional or alternative variables should be used to better capture members‘ circumstances, particularly those of small states; as well as further options to enhance the flexibility of the PRGT-eligibility framework to cover small and very small countries; The application of the short-term vulnerabilities criterion for graduation, which can lead to repeated non-graduation of members that meet either the income or the market access criteria for graduation.

Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-200
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
National Product ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Colombo Plan

The eleventh annual report of the Consultative Committee of the Colombo Plan was prepared at the Committee's meeting in Melbourne in November 1962. The report noted that, on the basis of available statistics, the rate of progress in the Colombo Plan area during 1961–1962 was uneven, with increases in gross national product of up to 8 percent. On a per capita basis, changes in gross national product ranged from increases of up to 6 percent to falls of 2 percent. One of the most encouraging developments of the year had been the growth of technical cooperation, not only between countries inside the Plan region and those outside it, but also between member countries within the region.

The EC Crisis over the Budget and the Agricultural Policy: Britain and its Partners in the Late 1970s and Early 1980s

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-413
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Product ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Member States ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Per Capita

BRITAIN HAS BEEN ACTIVELY TRYING TO ALTER THE BUDGETary arrangements of the European Communities in order to reduce the size of its net contributions since the Labour government of Harold Wilson succeeded Edward Heath's Conservative government in February 1974. This effort has been based upon the perception that Britain's net contribution to the budget – the balance of gross contributions and receipts – was excessive compared with that of its partners. Britain has been the largest net contributor, yet has a per capita gross national product which places it with the less prosperous member states.

scholarly journals Health spending and vaccination coverage in low-income countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Castillo-Zunino ◽  
Pinar Keskinocak ◽  
Dima Nazzal ◽  
Matthew C Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundRoutine childhood immunization is a cost-effective way to save lives and protect people from disease. Some low-income countries (LIC) have achieved remarkable success in childhood immunization, despite lower levels of gross national income or health spending compared to other countries. We investigated the impact of financing and health spending on vaccination coverage across LIC and lower-middle income countries (LMIC).MethodsAmong LIC, we identified countries with high-performing vaccination coverage (LIC+) and compared their economic and health spending trends with other LIC (LIC-) and LMIC. We used cross-country multi-year linear regressions with mixed-effects to test financial indicators over time. We conducted three different statistical tests to verify if financial trends of LIC+ were significantly different from LIC- and LMIC; p-values were calculated with an asymptotic χ2 test, a Kenward-Roger approximation for F tests, and a parametric bootstrap method.FindingsDuring 2014–18, LIC+ had a mean vaccination coverage between 91–96% in routine vaccines, outperforming LIC- (67–80%) and LMIC (83–89%). During 2000–18, gross national income and development assistance for health (DAH) per capita were not significantly different between LIC+ and LIC- (p > 0·13, p > 0·65) while LIC+ had a significant lower total health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·0001). Government health spending per capita per year increased by US$0·42 for LIC+ and decreased by US$0·24 for LIC- (p < 0·0001). LIC+ had a significantly lower private health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·012).InterpretationLIC+ had a difference in vaccination coverage compared to LIC- and LMIC that could not be explained by economic development, total health spending, nor aggregated DAH. The vaccination coverage success of LIC+ was associated with higher government health spending and lower private health spending, with the support of DAH on vaccines.

scholarly journals The Relationship between National and Entrepreneurial Culture: The Role of National Wealth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Simić ◽  
Vinko Lepojević
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
National Economy ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research Question: The paper examines the impact of specific Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, depending on the wealth of the national economy. Motivation: Based on the results of some previous research focused on the relationship between national culture and various indicators associated with entrepreneurship (Hayton, George & Zahra, 2002; Pinillos & Reyes, 2011; Zhao, Li & Rauch, 2012; Hayton & Cacciotti, 2013), the paper analyses the impact of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, as a category closely related to entrepreneurship. The identification of the national culture's dimensions contributing to the affirmation of entrepreneurial culture, provides an insight into the entrepreneurial potential of a particular national economy. Idea: The main idea of the paper is to examine whether selected Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture (power distance - PD, uncertainty avoidance – UA, individualism – IDV) affect entrepreneurial culture (EC) in a manner identical to that affecting the other indicators of entrepreneurship. The mentioned relationship is not examined as unmediated, but in the context of the effect that national wealth (measured as Gross National Income per capita - GNI) has on it. Data: The survey covered a total of 108 countries for which the data on the values of three selected dimensions of national culture, the index of entrepreneurial culture and the Gross National Income per capita are available. Tools: In order to examine the effect of three selected Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, correlation and standard multiple regression analyses were conducted. For data processing, statistical software SPSS (version 22.0) was used. Findings: The obtained results of the research show that in national economies with higher levels of IDV and lower levels of UA, higher scores of the EC index are manifested, regardless of the national wealth. On the other hand, the impact of PD on EC is determined by the level of a particular economy's wealth. In high-income economies (HIE), the index of EC is higher if PD is lower. In low- and middle-income economies (LIE), higher values of EC index are manifested if PD is higher. Contribution: The paper expands the knowledge and research base on entrepreneurial culture and the influence that national culture has on it.

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