Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessinal Financing

Policy Papers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Small States ◽  
Executive Directors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
One Year

During the 2012 Review of Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) Eligibility, Executive Directors expressed a number of concerns about the eligibility framework. The Board decided to bring forward the next review of eligibility by one year, to early 2013, in light of these concerns. In particular, Directors called for the review to assess: Possible shortcomings of the gross national income (GNI) per capita criterion in the case of small states, and whether additional or alternative variables should be used to better capture members‘ circumstances, particularly those of small states; as well as further options to enhance the flexibility of the PRGT-eligibility framework to cover small and very small countries; The application of the short-term vulnerabilities criterion for graduation, which can lead to repeated non-graduation of members that meet either the income or the market access criteria for graduation.

scholarly journals Fertility and socio-economic determinants: evidence from co-integration and multivariate Granger casualty tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Prakash Kengnal ◽  
Asha Bullappa
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
National Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita

Background: The empirical work on fertility determinants widely discusses the role of socio-economic factors like female labour force participation rate, urban population and per capita gross national income in determining fertility rates. The India’s high fertility rate began to decline gradually after late 1950s and continued to fall since then. India achieved almost 31 per cent decline in fertility rate from 1990 to 2012. The objective was to examine the relationship between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income for India.Methods: This study covers the sample period from 1990-2012. Moreover, the direction of causality between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India using Granger Causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) are examined.Results: As a summary of the empirical results, we found that fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India are co-integrated and there is unidirectional Granger Causality between the four variables in long and short-run.Conclusions: The growth in urban population, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income are responsible for the decrease in fertility rate in India.

Infrastructural Drivers of Online Shopping

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Syed Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Online Purchases ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Internet Penetration ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

While online shopping expenditures have been increasing in both developed and developing economies, they still account for a small share of total retail sales. Significant differences also exist across countries in the amount of money consumers spend on a per capita basis on online purchases. The authors utilize the conceptual foundations of infrastructural framework to examine the effects of infrastructural drivers on online shopping expenditures in 43 countries. Findings show that per capita telecommunications investments and per capita gross national income are significantly associated with per capita online shopping expenditures. Privacy protection, Internet penetration, and credit card penetration were not significant.

scholarly journals Gravity-type model of Czech agricultural export

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ševela
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
National Product ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Per Capita

The article concentrates on the application of gravity-type model to explain the volume of agro-exports from the Czech Republic. The multiplicative exponential function of the appropriate explanatory variables is used to describe the bilateral trade flows. Gross national product, gross national product per capita and geographical distance between the capitals of economies proved statistically significant. From regression analysis of the transformed data, there is apparent the positive correlation between the export volume of the commodity group 0 – Food and live animals SITC, rev.3 and gross national income. On the contrary, the negative correlation is between the agro-export volume and gross national income per capita and geographical distance as well. The built model is significant at the 5% level and explains more than 75% of dependent variable variance.

scholarly journals Determinants of Farming Households’ Credit Accessibility in Rural Areas of Vietnam: A Case Study in Haiphong City, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4357
Author(s):  
Ta Linh ◽  
Dang Anh Tuan ◽  
Phan Thu Trang ◽  
Hoang Trung Lai ◽  
Do Quynh Anh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
National Income ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Informal Credit ◽  
Credit Access

The role of agricultural sectors in the economic development of a country is undeniable, especially in developing and least-developed ones, ensuring food supply, increasing national income, export earnings and poverty reduction. Vietnam is known as an emerging market, depending directly on agriculture-related activities for their livelihood, in which the issue of rural credit access still remains a confounding problem. The paper focuses on identifying the determinants of credit access in rural areas of Vietnam using Haiphong city as a case study, including formal and informal credit. The paper uses data collected from a survey of 180 rural households in a district of Haiphong city. The probit and linear regression models are applied to investigate the factors that determine household credit accessibility, i.e., the household’s decision to borrow and borrowing amounts. Results of this analysis reveal the different significant determinants of formal and informal credit market access. Group membership and connection are found to have significantly strong impacts on formal credit accessibility while informal credit access is strongly influenced by agriculture income and dependency ratio. The implications of these findings for enhancing formal credit accessibility and decreasing the dependence on informal markets are discussed.

scholarly journals Health spending and vaccination coverage in low-income countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Castillo-Zunino ◽  
Pinar Keskinocak ◽  
Dima Nazzal ◽  
Matthew C Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundRoutine childhood immunization is a cost-effective way to save lives and protect people from disease. Some low-income countries (LIC) have achieved remarkable success in childhood immunization, despite lower levels of gross national income or health spending compared to other countries. We investigated the impact of financing and health spending on vaccination coverage across LIC and lower-middle income countries (LMIC).MethodsAmong LIC, we identified countries with high-performing vaccination coverage (LIC+) and compared their economic and health spending trends with other LIC (LIC-) and LMIC. We used cross-country multi-year linear regressions with mixed-effects to test financial indicators over time. We conducted three different statistical tests to verify if financial trends of LIC+ were significantly different from LIC- and LMIC; p-values were calculated with an asymptotic χ2 test, a Kenward-Roger approximation for F tests, and a parametric bootstrap method.FindingsDuring 2014–18, LIC+ had a mean vaccination coverage between 91–96% in routine vaccines, outperforming LIC- (67–80%) and LMIC (83–89%). During 2000–18, gross national income and development assistance for health (DAH) per capita were not significantly different between LIC+ and LIC- (p > 0·13, p > 0·65) while LIC+ had a significant lower total health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·0001). Government health spending per capita per year increased by US$0·42 for LIC+ and decreased by US$0·24 for LIC- (p < 0·0001). LIC+ had a significantly lower private health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·012).InterpretationLIC+ had a difference in vaccination coverage compared to LIC- and LMIC that could not be explained by economic development, total health spending, nor aggregated DAH. The vaccination coverage success of LIC+ was associated with higher government health spending and lower private health spending, with the support of DAH on vaccines.

scholarly journals The Relationship between National and Entrepreneurial Culture: The Role of National Wealth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Simić ◽  
Vinko Lepojević
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
National Economy ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research Question: The paper examines the impact of specific Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, depending on the wealth of the national economy. Motivation: Based on the results of some previous research focused on the relationship between national culture and various indicators associated with entrepreneurship (Hayton, George & Zahra, 2002; Pinillos & Reyes, 2011; Zhao, Li & Rauch, 2012; Hayton & Cacciotti, 2013), the paper analyses the impact of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, as a category closely related to entrepreneurship. The identification of the national culture's dimensions contributing to the affirmation of entrepreneurial culture, provides an insight into the entrepreneurial potential of a particular national economy. Idea: The main idea of the paper is to examine whether selected Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture (power distance - PD, uncertainty avoidance – UA, individualism – IDV) affect entrepreneurial culture (EC) in a manner identical to that affecting the other indicators of entrepreneurship. The mentioned relationship is not examined as unmediated, but in the context of the effect that national wealth (measured as Gross National Income per capita - GNI) has on it. Data: The survey covered a total of 108 countries for which the data on the values of three selected dimensions of national culture, the index of entrepreneurial culture and the Gross National Income per capita are available. Tools: In order to examine the effect of three selected Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture on entrepreneurial culture, correlation and standard multiple regression analyses were conducted. For data processing, statistical software SPSS (version 22.0) was used. Findings: The obtained results of the research show that in national economies with higher levels of IDV and lower levels of UA, higher scores of the EC index are manifested, regardless of the national wealth. On the other hand, the impact of PD on EC is determined by the level of a particular economy's wealth. In high-income economies (HIE), the index of EC is higher if PD is lower. In low- and middle-income economies (LIE), higher values of EC index are manifested if PD is higher. Contribution: The paper expands the knowledge and research base on entrepreneurial culture and the influence that national culture has on it.

scholarly journals Factors of human capital modernization in the context of institutionalization of information economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Radieva ◽  
Viktoriia Kolomiiets
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Information Economy ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
Human Capital Index

The constant institutional transformations of society make it necessary to study their influence on the development of human capital and the dependence of the development of human capital on the conditions of institutionalization of the information economy. The aim of this scientific work: to identify the existence of a dependence of the development of human capital on the institutionalization of society in the information economy, to build correlation-regression models of the dependence of the development of human capital on the level of development of the country's institutional system in the information economy. The study has proved the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the human capital index and the development of the country's institutional system. The selection of indicators describing the dependence of the development of human capital on the development of the country's institutional system in the information economy, which included political, legal, economic, social, institutional, using an expert analysis method, is carried out. For a multifactorial phenomenon, as the dependence of the development of human capital on the level of development of the country's institutional system in the information economy, the methods of multiple correlation and regression analysis are used. The study was conducted for 157 countries of the world for which the World Bank determined the country's human capital index in 2018. As a result, correlation equations are constructed that give the dependence of the development of human capital on the level of development of the country's institutional system in the information economy. They should determine the feasibility of material costs for the development of a separate factor of the influence of the institutional system for the development of human capital. The constructed models have shown that the greatest correlation between the human capital index and the selected indicators of the country's institutional system development exists: for countries with a high human capital index and high gross national income per capita – government labor costs, tax burden; for countries with an average human capital index and with an average gross national income per capita, to which Ukraine belongs, – freedom of the labor market, protection of property rights; for countries with a low human capital index and low gross national income per capita – effectiveness of the judicial system, government decency. The study of the dependence of the development of human capital on the development of the institutional system will interest not only the scientific layers of countries, but also state and government institutions.

scholarly journals Wealth Code Unlocked: The Combined Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Intelligence Quotient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azad A. Kabir ◽  
Raeed A. Kabir ◽  
Jebun Nahar ◽  
Ritesh Sengar
Keyword(s):  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
National Income ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Corruption Perception Index ◽  
Average Intelligence ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intellectual ability of performing, comprehension, and learning. Previous studies reported that intelligence measures predict various measures of job performance and income. Emotional awareness (EA) is the measure of emotional capacity to recognize and make sense of one&rsquo;s emotions, as well as those of others. A high level of emotional awareness (EA) indicates one can learn from expressed emotions quickly. Both IQ and EA are important for personal and professional success. Objective: This study tests the hypothesis that the average national income rank is best predicted by the combined effect of the population's average intelligence quotient (one's ability to perform and learn) and emotional awareness (ability to recognize and make sense of emotions). Method: The population&rsquo;s average intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional awareness (EA), and indices of good governance, which include corruption perception index and educational expenses for each country, were obtained from public data sources. The outcome variable was per capita gross national income. All the variables that are statistically significant in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate regression analyses but excluded from the final model if not statistically significant. Result: The total number of countries included in the final analysis was 81 because of missing values in different variables. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and emotional awareness (EA) were found to be highly correlated, at 0.77 and 0.32 respectively, with the per capita gross national income. The independent effects of intelligence quotient (IQ) and emotional awareness (EA) were found significant in the multivariate model after adjusting for measures of good governance. The R square value for the final multivariate model was 0.82. The corruption perception index (CPI) and educational expenses were strongly correlated with other measures of good governance such as democracy index, functioning of government, electoral process and pluralism, political participation, and civil liberty, but these variables were found not significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion: The study concludes the effect of intelligence quotient (IQ) and emotional awareness (EA) are complementary to each other but intelligence quotient (IQ) is a stronger predictor than emotional awareness (EA) for gross national income or wealth. We also find that indicators of good governance, including corruption perception index and educational expenses, have important associations with per capita gross national income. This study implies a nation may build more wealth if the educational system focuses on developing emotional awareness in addition to intelligence.

scholarly journals Tourism and Poverty Reduction in Mexico: An ARDL Cointegration Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Garza-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this paper was to investigate, with respect to the case of Mexico, the relationship between international tourism and the magnitude of poverty during the period of 1980–2017, through the use of an autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration model with a structural break. The econometric results obtained in this paper indicate that there is a long-term relationship between international tourism and the reduction of poverty. It was found that for every 1% increase in international tourism, household consumption per capita increases 0.46% (and, therefore, poverty decreases). In the short term, it was found that a 1% increase in international tourism leads to a 0.11 % increase in household consumption per capita (a decrease in poverty). The coefficient of the error correction model indicates that 23.9% of any movement into disequilibrium is corrected within one year. To corroborate these results, a Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test was carried out, indicating a unidirectional causality relationship from international tourism towards the reduction of poverty.

scholarly journals Youth Participation in Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7795
Author(s):  
Romanus Osabohien ◽  
Alexander Nimo Wiredu ◽  
Paul Matin Dontsop Nguezet ◽  
Djana Babatima Mignouna ◽  
Tahirou Abdoulaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Youth Participation ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Household Assets ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
The Impact

With data from 683 systematically selected households, the study employed the Heckman two-stage model and the propensity score matching method (PSM) to examine the impact of youth participation in agriculture as a primary occupation on income and poverty in Nigeria. The results indicate that the gender of the youth and their determination to stay in agriculture significantly increases the probability that youth will participate in agriculture as a primary occupation. In addition, youth participation in agriculture as a main occupation contributes significantly to per capita household income and has the likelihood to reduce poverty by 17%. The daily wage rate of hired labor and the total farmland owned are the variables that positively explained the per capita income. Poverty was reduced by market access, having agriculture as a primary occupation, income from agricultural production, the total monetary value of all the household assets, determination to remain in agriculture, and the square of the respondents’ age. These results imply that creating employment for youth by engaging them in agriculture as a full-time occupation can increase their income and reduce poverty. However, the promotion of other secondary occupations, land, and market access is also vital.

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